Psychedelics: Difference between revisions

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 **'''Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)'''
 *'''Cyclical behavioural patterns:'''
-**'''Alcoholism''' - the founder of AA cured his alcoholism using LSD<ref>A Radical New Approach to Beating Addiction". Psychology Today. Retrieved February 24, 2019, also Francis Hartigan Bill Wilson p. 177-179.</ref>.
+**'''Alcoholism''' - the founder of AA cured his alcoholism using LSD<ref>'''A Radical New Approach to Beating Addiction'''. Psychology Today. Retrieved February 24, 2019, also Francis Hartigan Bill Wilson p. 177-179.</ref>.
-**'''Tobacco Use''' - small study has shown an 80% cessation rate after 6 months which compare to the industry standard of 35%<ref>''An online survey of tobacco smoking cessation associated with naturalistic psychedelic use. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 31(7), 841–850.'' Johnson, M. W., Garcia-Romeu, A., Johnson, P. S., & Griffiths, R. R. (2017).  doi:10.1177/0269881116684335 10.1177/0269881116684335</ref>.
+**'''Tobacco Use''' - small study has shown an 80% cessation rate after 6 months which compare to the industry standard of 35%<ref>'''An online survey of tobacco smoking cessation associated with naturalistic psychedelic use.''' Journal of Psychopharmacology, ''31(7), 841–850.'' Johnson, M. W., Garcia-Romeu, A., Johnson, P. S., & Griffiths, R. R. (2017).  doi:10.1177/0269881116684335. Accessed on 14th February 2023 via: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28095732/</ref>.
 **'''Hyper-Consumerism''' - several peer-reviewed studies have shown that psychedelics also work as ''[[ecodelics]]'', medicines which can induce ecological concern<ref>'''Catalysts for Transformation: A systematic literature review exploring the interlinkages and potential role of classic psychedelics to social-ecological sustainability.''' Marion Nilsson, Lund University Centre for Sustainability Studies. Accessed on 30 January 2023 via: https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?fileOId=9031166&func=downloadFile&recordOId=9031164</ref><ref>'''Accidental Environmentalism: Nature and Cultivated Affect in European Neoshamanic Ayahuasca Consumption'''. Arne Harms University of Leipzig. Accessed on 30 Jan 2023 via https://www.proquest.com/openview/e872aeede38122f158ef3d84fbc39c38/1?cbl=18750</ref><ref>'''Acute, subacute and long-term subjective effects of psilocybin in healthy humans: a pooled analysis of experimental studies'''. Studerus E, Kometer M, Hasler F, Vollenweider FX.  J Psychopharmacol. 2011 Nov;25(11):1434-52. doi: 10.1177/0269881110382466. Epub 2010 Sep 20. PMID: 20855349. Accessed on 12 December 2022 via: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20855349/</ref><ref>'''Connectedness to Nature and to Humanity: their association and personality correlates'''. Front. Psychol., 21 July 2015. Sec. Personality and Social Psychology. Kibeom Lee, Michael C. Ashton, Julie Choi and Kayla Zachariassen. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01003. Accessed on 3rd October 2022 via https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01003/full</ref><ref>'''Increased nature relatedness and decreased authoritarian political views after psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression'''. Journal of Psychopharmacology. Taylor Lyons, Robin L Carhart-Harris. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881117748902. Accessed on 3rd October 2022 via https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0269881117748902</ref><ref>'''Psychedelics, Personality and Political Perspectives'''. Matthew M Nour 1, Lisa Evans 2, Robin L Carhart-Harris DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2017.1312643. 2017 Jul-Aug;49(3):182-191. doi: 10.1080/02791072.2017.1312643. Epub 2017 Apr 26. Accessed on 3rd October 2022 via https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28443703/</ref><ref name=":1">'''''Manifesting Minds: A Review of Psychedelics in Science, Medicine, Sex, and Spirituality'''''. Doblin, Rick; Brad Burge (2014)  North Atlantic Books. <nowiki>ISBN 1583947272</nowiki>.</ref><ref name=":2">'''Lifetime experience with (classic) psychedelics predicts pro-environmental behavior through an increase in nature relatedness'''. Matthias Forstmann and Christina Sagioglou Journal of Psychopharmacology 2017.  DOI: 10.1177/0269881117714049. Accessed on 30th September 2022 via: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28631526/</ref><ref name=":3">'''From Egoism to Ecoism: Psychedelics Increase Nature Relatedness in a State-Mediated and Context-Dependent Manner'''. Hannes Kettner, Sam Gandy, Eline C. H. M. Haijen and Robin L. Carhart-Harris Centre for Psychedelic Research, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. Published: December 2019 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16245147. Accessed on 30th September 2022 via: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31888300/
 </ref>.
-Emotions and brain function are altered up to one month after a single high dose of psilocybin<ref>'''Emotions and brain function are altered up to one month after a single high dose of psilocybin.''' Barrett, F.S., Doss, M.K., Sepeda, N.D. ''et al.''  ''Sci Rep'' 10, 2214 (2020). <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59282-y</nowiki></ref>. Psychedelic use correlates to lifetimes without [[depression]]<ref>Lifetime use of MDMA/ecstasy and psilocybin is associated with reduced odds of major depressive episodes. Grant M Jones., Matthew K Nock. Published January 5, 2022 in Volume 36, Issue 1 of Journal of Psychopharmacology
+Emotions and brain function are altered up to one month after a single high dose of psilocybin<ref>'''Emotions and brain function are altered up to one month after a single high dose of psilocybin.''' Barrett, F.S., Doss, M.K., Sepeda, N.D. ''et al.''  ''Sci Rep'' 10, 2214 (2020). <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59282-y</nowiki></ref>. Psychedelic use correlates to lifetimes without [[depression]]<ref>'''Lifetime use of MDMA/ecstasy and psilocybin is associated with reduced odds of major depressive episodes.''' Grant M Jones., Matthew K Nock. Published January 5, 2022 in Volume 36, Issue 1 of Journal of Psychopharmacology. https://doi.org/10.1177/026988112</ref>. Numerous studies<ref>'''Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy: A Paradigm Shift in Psychiatric Research and Development.''' Eduardo Ekman Schenberg. Front Pharmacol. 2018; 9: 733. Published online 2018 Jul 5. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00733.</ref> and a systematic review<ref>'''A systematic review of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for mental health''': An evaluation of the current wave of research and suggestions for the future. Wheeler, S. W., & Dyer, N. L. (2020).  Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice, 7(3), 279–315. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1037/cns0000237</nowiki></ref> have concluded that [[Guided Psychedelic Therapy|guided psychedelic therapy]] can further improve the above therapeutic effects.
-<nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1177/026988112</nowiki></ref>. Numerous studies<ref>'''Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy: A Paradigm Shift in Psychiatric Research and Development.''' Eduardo Ekman Schenberg. Front Pharmacol. 2018; 9: 733. Published online 2018 Jul 5. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00733.</ref> and a systematic review<ref>'''A systematic review of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for mental health''': An evaluation of the current wave of research and suggestions for the future. Wheeler, S. W., & Dyer, N. L. (2020).  Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice, 7(3), 279–315. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1037/cns0000237</nowiki></ref> have concluded that [[Guided Psychedelic Therapy|guided psychedelic therapy]] can further improve the above therapeutic effects.
 == Mechanism of Action ==
@@ Line 104: / Line 102: @@
 === Medicinal Chemistry ===
-All psychedelics are chemically unique and but can be catergorised into four main main types (see '''Figure 2'''). There are three main families of chemical compounds: [[tryptamines]], phenethylamines, or lysergamides and many tend to act via serotonin 2A receptor agonism which plays a key role in regulation of cortical function. Serotonin antagonism has been proposed as the mechanism for the subjective and biological effects of classical psychedelics as these effects are blocked after administering 5HT2AR antagonists such as ketanserin<ref>Preller KH, Herdener M, Pokorny T, Planzer A, Kraehenmann R, Stämpfli P, et al. The Fabric of Meaning and Subjective Effects in LSD-Induced States Depend on Serotonin 2A Receptor Activation. Curr Biol. 2017 Feb;27(3):451–7.</ref><ref>Ly C, Greb AC, Cameron LP, Wong JM, Barragan EV, Wilson PC, et al. Psychedelics Promote Structural and Functional Neural Plasticity. Cell Rep. 2018 Jun 12;23(11):3170–82.</ref>.
+All psychedelics are chemically unique and but can be catergorised into four main main types (see '''Figure 2'''). There are three main families of chemical compounds: [[tryptamines]], phenethylamines, or lysergamides and many tend to act via serotonin 2A receptor agonism which plays a key role in regulation of cortical function. Serotonin antagonism has been proposed as the mechanism for the subjective and biological effects of classical psychedelics as these effects are blocked after administering 5HT2AR antagonists such as ketanserin<ref>'''The Fabric of Meaning and Subjective Effects in LSD-Induced States Depend on Serotonin 2A Receptor Activation.''' Preller KH, Herdener M, Pokorny T, Planzer A, Kraehenmann R, Stämpfli P, et al.  Curr Biol. 2017 Feb;27(3):451–7. Accessed 14th February 2023 via: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28132813/</ref><ref>'''Psychedelics Promote Structural and Functional Neural Plasticity.''' Ly C, Greb AC, Cameron LP, Wong JM, Barragan EV, Wilson PC, et al.  Cell Rep. 2018 Jun 12;23(11):3170–82. Accessed on 14th February 2023 via: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6082376/</ref>.
 == Who would be eligible for psychedelics from a doctor? ==

Psychedelics (view source)

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