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Amanita muscaria: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Amanita as a psychoactive.jpg|alt=Amanita as a psychoactive|thumb|'''Figure 1'''. Amanita Muscaria aka: Fly Agaric, Soma, Toadstool]] | [[File:Amanita as a psychoactive.jpg|alt=Amanita as a psychoactive|thumb|'''Figure 1'''. Amanita Muscaria aka: Fly Agaric, Soma, Toadstool]] | ||
Amanita muscaria (also known as fly agaric or fly amanita '''Figure 1''') is a psychoactive mushroom that grows widely in the northern hemisphere. The | Amanita muscaria (also known as fly agaric or fly amanita '''Figure 1''') is a psychoactive mushroom that grows widely in the northern hemisphere. The mushroom is a large white-gilled, white-spotted, usually red mushroom that is one of the most recognizable and widely encountered in popular culture 🍄. The mushroom is arguably<ref>Soma and "Amanita muscaria" Author(s): John Brough Source: Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 34, No. 2 (1971), pp. 331-362 Published by: Cambridge University Press on behalf of School of Oriental and African Studies Stable URL: <nowiki>http://www.jstor.org/stable/612695</nowiki></ref> the ''[[Soma]]-plant'' in Vedic religion<ref name=":0">Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality by R. Gordon Wasson by Sungazer Press (first published January 1st 1968)</ref> as it is noted for its Lilliputian hallucinatory properties, which derive from its primary psychoactive constituents ibotenic acid and muscimol<ref>Hallucinogenic Species in Amanita Muscaria. Determination of Muscimol and Ibotenic Acid by Ion Interaction HPLC M. C. Gennaro a , D. Giacosa a , E. Gioannini a & S. Angelino a a Università di Torino Dipartimento di Chimica Analitica Via P. Giuria , 5 10125, Torino, Italy Published online: 23 Sep 2006.</ref>. | ||
[[File:Amanita muscaria lookalikes..png|alt=Amanita muscaria lookalikes.|thumb|'''Figure 2'''. Amanita muscaria lookalikes.]] | [[File:Amanita muscaria lookalikes..png|alt=Amanita muscaria lookalikes.|thumb|'''Figure 2'''. Amanita muscaria lookalikes.]] | ||
Although the fresh mushroom is classified as poisonous<ref>Michelot, D., & Melendez-Howell, L. M. (2003). ''Amanita muscaria: chemistry, biology, toxicology, and ethnomycology. Mycological Research, 107(2), 131–146.'' doi:10.1017/s0953756203007305 </ref>, reports of human deaths resulting from its ingestion are extremely rare<ref>Fly agaric (Amanita muscaria) poisoning, case report and review Leszek Satora*, Dorota Pach, Beata Butryn, Piotr Hydzik, Barbara Balicka-S´lusarczyk Department of Clinical Toxicology, Poison Information Center, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Os. Złotej Jesieni 1, 31-826 Krako´w, Poland Received 12 November 2004; accepted 10 January 2005 Available online 14 April 2005</ref>. Furthermore, there are a multitude of recorded cases of low dose ingestion without issue<ref>Buck, R. W. (1963). ''Toxicity of Amanita muscaria. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 185(8), 663.'' doi:10.1001/jama.1963.03060080059020 </ref>. The key to its safety is differentiation from the Destroying Angel and the Death Cap, parboiling—which weakens its toxicity and breaks down the mushroom's psychoactive substances and careful dosage<ref>Neuropharmacological Investigations on Muscimol, | Although the fresh mushroom is classified as poisonous<ref>Michelot, D., & Melendez-Howell, L. M. (2003). ''Amanita muscaria: chemistry, biology, toxicology, and ethnomycology. Mycological Research, 107(2), 131–146.'' doi:10.1017/s0953756203007305 </ref>, reports of human deaths resulting from its ingestion are extremely rare<ref>Fly agaric (Amanita muscaria) poisoning, case report and review Leszek Satora*, Dorota Pach, Beata Butryn, Piotr Hydzik, Barbara Balicka-S´lusarczyk Department of Clinical Toxicology, Poison Information Center, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Os. Złotej Jesieni 1, 31-826 Krako´w, Poland Received 12 November 2004; accepted 10 January 2005 Available online 14 April 2005</ref>. Furthermore, there are a multitude of recorded cases of low dose ingestion without issue<ref>Buck, R. W. (1963). ''Toxicity of Amanita muscaria. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 185(8), 663.'' doi:10.1001/jama.1963.03060080059020 </ref>. The key to its safety is differentiation from the Destroying Angel and the Death Cap, parboiling—which weakens its toxicity and breaks down the mushroom's psychoactive substances and careful dosage<ref>Neuropharmacological Investigations on Muscimol, | ||
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==== '''Contraindications''' ==== | ==== '''Contraindications''' ==== | ||
It may be harmful to combine Amanita muscaria constituents with other GABAergic depressants such as alcohol, benzodiazepines or barbiturates. Amanita muscaria mushrooms are not known to be addictive or dependence-forming, and reports even show that desire to redose goes down with usage, though there is no research on this topic. | It may be harmful to combine Amanita muscaria constituents with other GABAergic depressants such as alcohol, benzodiazepines or barbiturates. Amanita muscaria mushrooms are not known to be addictive or dependence-forming, and reports even show that desire to redose goes down with usage, though there is no research on this topic. | ||
== Effect == | |||
Lilliputian hallucinations concern hallucinated human, animal or fantasy entities of minute size. They have been reported anecdotally for millennia however, in the 1960s while the number of medical publications on lilliputian hallucinations had dwindled, young people became fascinated with records of ancient shamanic traditions and expressed a longing to encounter the sentient, discarnate beings described after the use of psychedelics<ref>The Invisible Landscape: Mind, Hallucinogens, and the I Ching, Terence Mckenna, published in 1993, ISBN 0062506358</ref>. | |||
'''References''' | '''References''' | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||