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Psychedelics: Difference between revisions
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<seo title="Psychedelic Medicine" metakeywords="psychedelic drugs list, psychedelic drugs for depression, psychedelic drugs australia, psychedelic drugs literature, psychedelic plant medicine, psychedelic drug used to treat ptsd, psychedelic drug used for depression" metadescription="What is psychedelic medicine?"/> | <seo title="Psychedelic Medicine" metakeywords="psychedelic drugs list, psychedelic drugs for depression, psychedelic drugs australia, psychedelic drugs literature, psychedelic plant medicine, psychedelic drug used to treat ptsd, psychedelic drug used for depression" metadescription="What is psychedelic medicine?"/> | ||
[[File:Psychedelic effect.jpg|alt=This figure is from a 2014 study in the Journal of the Royal Society Interface. The image on the left is of a human brain on a placebo, and the image on the right is of a brain on psilocybin.|thumb|'''Figure 1'''. A 2014 study in the ''Journal of the Royal Society Interface''. The image on the left is of a human brain on a placebo, and the image on the right is of a brain on a psychedelic.]] | [[File:Psychedelic effect.jpg|alt=This figure is from a 2014 study in the Journal of the Royal Society Interface. The image on the left is of a human brain on a placebo, and the image on the right is of a brain on psilocybin.|thumb|'''Figure 1'''. A 2014 study in the ''Journal of the Royal Society Interface''. The image on the left is of a human brain on a placebo, and the image on the right is of a brain on a psychedelic.]] | ||
'''Psychedelics are | '''Psychedelics are molecules that induce [[Pivotal Mental States]]. Given the correct [[priming]] (set), [[setting]] and subsequent [[integration]] they can have potent [[psychoplastogen]] effects on the mind.''' In some countries, psychedelics are classified as illegal, however, since the 2000's this taboo has been rapidly lifting. | ||
During the [[Psychedelic Experience|psychedelic experience,]] as shown in the illustrated brain scan to the right ('''Figure 1''') parts of the brain which do not usually communicate with one another start talking, opening subconscious inputs to the conscious mind. The experience is thought to open a [[Neuroplasticity|neuroplastic]] window augmenting learning and cognitive and psychological flexibility<ref>'''A role for the serotonin 2A receptor in the expansion and functioning of human transmodal cortex'''. Andrea I Luppi, Manesh Girn, Fernando E Rosas, Christopher Timmermann, Leor Roseman, David Erritzoe, David J Nutt, Emmanuel A Stamatakis, R Nathan Spreng, Lei Xing. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awad311. Published: 13 September 2023</ref>. Clinically this can be seen as giving users an opportunity to correct ruminating thought patterns thought to be the basis of [[Mental Illness|mental illnesses]] such as bipolarity<ref>'''Risks and benefits of psilocybin use in people with bipolar disorder: An international web-based survey on experiences of ‘magic mushroom’ consumption'''. Emma Morton, Kimberly Sakai, and Josh Woolley. Volume 37, Issue . <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811221131997</nowiki>. Accessed 23 Jan 2023 via https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/02698811221131997</ref>, [[depression]], anxiety. | During the [[Psychedelic Experience|psychedelic experience,]] as shown in the illustrated brain scan to the right ('''Figure 1''') parts of the brain which do not usually communicate with one another start talking, opening subconscious inputs to the conscious mind. The experience is thought to open a [[Neuroplasticity|neuroplastic]] window augmenting learning and cognitive and psychological flexibility<ref>'''A role for the serotonin 2A receptor in the expansion and functioning of human transmodal cortex'''. Andrea I Luppi, Manesh Girn, Fernando E Rosas, Christopher Timmermann, Leor Roseman, David Erritzoe, David J Nutt, Emmanuel A Stamatakis, R Nathan Spreng, Lei Xing. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awad311. Published: 13 September 2023</ref>. Clinically this can be seen as giving users an opportunity to correct ruminating thought patterns thought to be the basis of [[Mental Illness|mental illnesses]] such as bipolarity<ref>'''Risks and benefits of psilocybin use in people with bipolar disorder: An international web-based survey on experiences of ‘magic mushroom’ consumption'''. Emma Morton, Kimberly Sakai, and Josh Woolley. Volume 37, Issue . <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811221131997</nowiki>. Accessed 23 Jan 2023 via https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/02698811221131997</ref>, [[depression]], anxiety. | ||
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== Long Term Effects == | == Long Term Effects == | ||
[[File:Psychedelics relative harm.jpg|alt=Economist relative harm|thumb|'''Figure 3'''. Relative harm of drugs<ref>'''Drug harms in the UK''': a multicriteria decision analysis Prof David J Nutt, FMedSci, Leslie A King, PhD, Lawrence D Phillips, PhD on behalf of the Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs Published:November 01, 2010. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6</ref>.]] | [[File:Psychedelics relative harm.jpg|alt=Economist relative harm|thumb|'''Figure 3'''. Relative harm of drugs<ref>'''Drug harms in the UK''': a multicriteria decision analysis Prof David J Nutt, FMedSci, Leslie A King, PhD, Lawrence D Phillips, PhD on behalf of the Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs Published:November 01, 2010. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6</ref>.]] | ||
Compared to the majority of other medications, the dangers linked with psychedelic use are considerably lower (See '''Figure 3'''). Research indicates that certain personality traits such as neuroticism will negatively influence long term outcomes<ref>'''Quality of Acute Psychedelic Experience Predicts Therapeutic Efficacy of Psilocybin for Treatment-Resistant Depression'''. Roseman L, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL. Front Pharmacol. 2018 Jan 17;8:974. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00974. PMID: 29387009; PMCID: PMC5776504.</ref>, whereas traits like a willingness to surrender can have a positive impact<ref>'''Predicting Responses to Psychedelics''': A Prospective Study. Front. Pharmacol., 02 November 2018 | |||
Sec. Neuropharmacology. Volume 9 - 2018 | [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2018.00897/full https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00897]</ref>. | Sec. Neuropharmacology. Volume 9 - 2018 | [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2018.00897/full https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00897]</ref>. Clinically, provided that appropriate[[priming]], [[setting]] and [[integration]] are in place, there is substantial evidence supporting the safe and effective use of psychedelics in treating various conditions: | ||
* '''[[Depression]]''' - multiple meta-analyses results suggest that psychedelic-assisted therapy reduces [[MADRS]] with minimal [[Adverse Psychedelic Effects|adverse effects]]<ref>'''Classic serotonergic psychedelics for mood and depressive symptoms: a meta-analysis of mood disorder patients and healthy participants'''. Nicole L. Galvão-Coelho, Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2021; 238(2): 341–354. Published online 2021 Jan 11. doi: 10.1007/s00213-020-05719-1. Accessed on 16th September 2022 via https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7826317/pdf/213_2020_Article_5719.pdf</ref><ref>'''''A Meta-Analysis of Placebo-Controlled Trials of Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy'''. Luoma, J. B., Chwyl, C., Bathje, G. J., Davis, A. K., & Lancelotta, R. (2020). Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 1–11.'' doi:10.1080/02791072.2020.1769878. Accessed on 16th September 2022 via: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32529966/ </ref>, relative to a comparable meta analysis of the effects of 21 traditional antidepressant drugs<ref>'''Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressant drugs for the acute treatment of adults with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.''' Andrea Cipriani, MD. Published in the Lancet. February 21, 2018 DOI:<nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32802-7</nowiki></ref>. | * '''[[Depression]]''' - multiple meta-analyses results suggest that psychedelic-assisted therapy reduces [[MADRS]] with minimal [[Adverse Psychedelic Effects|adverse effects]]<ref>'''Classic serotonergic psychedelics for mood and depressive symptoms: a meta-analysis of mood disorder patients and healthy participants'''. Nicole L. Galvão-Coelho, Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2021; 238(2): 341–354. Published online 2021 Jan 11. doi: 10.1007/s00213-020-05719-1. Accessed on 16th September 2022 via https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7826317/pdf/213_2020_Article_5719.pdf</ref><ref>'''''A Meta-Analysis of Placebo-Controlled Trials of Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy'''. Luoma, J. B., Chwyl, C., Bathje, G. J., Davis, A. K., & Lancelotta, R. (2020). Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 1–11.'' doi:10.1080/02791072.2020.1769878. Accessed on 16th September 2022 via: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32529966/ </ref>, relative to a comparable meta analysis of the effects of 21 traditional antidepressant drugs<ref>'''Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressant drugs for the acute treatment of adults with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.''' Andrea Cipriani, MD. Published in the Lancet. February 21, 2018 DOI:<nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32802-7</nowiki></ref>. | ||