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Psychedelics: Difference between revisions
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== Mechanism of Action == | == Mechanism of Action == | ||
[[File:Psychedelic Biochemistry.png|thumb|'''Figure 4'''. The neurochemical activity of various psychedelics.]] | |||
Psychedelics induce [[Neuroplasticity|neuroplastic]], [[Pivotal mental state|pivotal mental states]]. It is thought psychedelics mediate this effect by altering the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)<ref>'''Psychedelics and Neuroplasticity: A Systematic Review Unraveling the Biological Underpinnings of Psychedelics''' Cato M. H. de Vos, Natasha L. Mason and Kim P. C. Kuypers* Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands Front. Psychiatry, 10 September 2021 </ref> receptor TrkB<ref>'''Psychedelics promote plasticity by directly binding to BDNF receptor TrkB'''. Rafael Moliner, Mykhailo Girych. Published: 05 June 2023 in Nature Neuroscience. Accessed on 8 Jun 2023 via: <nowiki>https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-023-01316-5</nowiki></ref>. | Psychedelics induce [[Neuroplasticity|neuroplastic]], [[Pivotal mental state|pivotal mental states]]. It is thought psychedelics mediate this effect by altering the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)<ref>'''Psychedelics and Neuroplasticity: A Systematic Review Unraveling the Biological Underpinnings of Psychedelics''' Cato M. H. de Vos, Natasha L. Mason and Kim P. C. Kuypers* Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands Front. Psychiatry, 10 September 2021 </ref> receptor TrkB<ref>'''Psychedelics promote plasticity by directly binding to BDNF receptor TrkB'''. Rafael Moliner, Mykhailo Girych. Published: 05 June 2023 in Nature Neuroscience. Accessed on 8 Jun 2023 via: <nowiki>https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-023-01316-5</nowiki></ref>. | ||
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[[File:Psychedelic neuroplasticity period.png|alt=Psychedelic neuroplasticity period|thumb|'''Figure | [[File:Psychedelic neuroplasticity period.png|alt=Psychedelic neuroplasticity period|thumb|'''Figure 5'''. Psychedelics differ in how long they induce a social reward learning period]] | ||
''Dosage information frequently changes and is dependent on weight and prior medical condition. Before administering check all information with a suitably qualified professional.'' | ''Dosage information frequently changes and is dependent on weight and prior medical condition. Before administering check all information with a suitably qualified professional.'' | ||
A key effect of psychedelics is their ability to open a period of neuroplasticity where old habits can be erased and new habits formed. This period has been found to differ substantially between the various compounds (see '''Figure | A key effect of psychedelics is their ability to open a period of neuroplasticity where old habits can be erased and new habits formed. This period has been found to differ substantially between the various compounds (see '''Figure 5'''). | ||
=== Medicinal Chemistry === | === Medicinal Chemistry === | ||
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==== Microdosing ==== | ==== Microdosing ==== | ||
[[File:Psychedelics exert their effect experientially effect.png|alt=Psychedelics exert their effect experientially|thumb|'''Figure | [[File:Psychedelics exert their effect experientially effect.png|alt=Psychedelics exert their effect experientially|thumb|'''Figure 6.''' Psychedelics exert their effect experientially]] | ||
The medical definition of ''microdosing'' is a dose given which is ''sub therapeutic'', i.e. it is the dose doctors recognise as having no discernible effect. However, many claim, mainly via online survey studies, that very low doses of LSD, taken at 3–4-day intervals, improve mood and cognitive function<ref>'''Exploring the effect of microdosing psychedelics on creativity in an open-label natural setting.''' Prochazkova, L., Lippelt, D.P., Colzato, L.S. ''et al.'' ''Psychopharmacology'' 235, 3401–3413 (2018). <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-018-5049-7</nowiki></ref>. | The medical definition of ''microdosing'' is a dose given which is ''sub therapeutic'', i.e. it is the dose doctors recognise as having no discernible effect. However, many claim, mainly via online survey studies, that very low doses of LSD, taken at 3–4-day intervals, improve mood and cognitive function<ref>'''Exploring the effect of microdosing psychedelics on creativity in an open-label natural setting.''' Prochazkova, L., Lippelt, D.P., Colzato, L.S. ''et al.'' ''Psychopharmacology'' 235, 3401–3413 (2018). <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-018-5049-7</nowiki></ref>. | ||
In controlled studies, which in mental health are the gold standard, (see [[Referencing|critical appraisal]]) the placebo effect is excluded. In all of these studies microdosing has been shown to have no effect<ref>'''Repeated low doses of LSD in healthy adults: A placebo-controlled, dose–response study''' Harriet de Wit,Hanna M. Molla,Anya Bershad,Michael Bremmer,Royce Lee First published: 01 February 2022 <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1111/adb.13143</nowiki>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adb.13143</ref> and even in some have shown negative effects such as neuroticism<ref>'''A Systematic Study of Microdosing'''. Richard J. Stevenson, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. 10.1371/journal.pone.0211023</ref>. It has been suggested that this is because the experience of the ''trip'' is more important than the underlying chemical-electrical mechanisms<ref>'''The Subjective Effects of Psychedelics Are Necessary for Their Enduring Therapeutic Effects''': David B. Yaden and Roland R. Griffiths* ACS Pharmacol. Transl. Sci. 2021, 4, 2, 568–572. Publication Date:December 10, 2020. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.0c00194</nowiki></ref> (see '''Figure | In controlled studies, which in mental health are the gold standard, (see [[Referencing|critical appraisal]]) the placebo effect is excluded. In all of these studies microdosing has been shown to have no effect<ref>'''Repeated low doses of LSD in healthy adults: A placebo-controlled, dose–response study''' Harriet de Wit,Hanna M. Molla,Anya Bershad,Michael Bremmer,Royce Lee First published: 01 February 2022 <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1111/adb.13143</nowiki>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adb.13143</ref> and even in some have shown negative effects such as neuroticism<ref>'''A Systematic Study of Microdosing'''. Richard J. Stevenson, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. 10.1371/journal.pone.0211023</ref>. It has been suggested that this is because the experience of the ''trip'' is more important than the underlying chemical-electrical mechanisms<ref>'''The Subjective Effects of Psychedelics Are Necessary for Their Enduring Therapeutic Effects''': David B. Yaden and Roland R. Griffiths* ACS Pharmacol. Transl. Sci. 2021, 4, 2, 568–572. Publication Date:December 10, 2020. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.0c00194</nowiki></ref> (see '''Figure 6''') . By propagating the myth that microdosing does have an effect may cause people from not accessing the correct dose and getting the actual benefit from the medicine. | ||
== Oneirogens == | == Oneirogens == | ||