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 <seo title="Psychedelic Medicine" metakeywords="psychedelic drugs list, psychedelic drugs for depression, psychedelic drugs australia, psychedelic drugs literature, psychedelic plant medicine, psychedelic drug used to treat ptsd, psychedelic drug used for depression" metadescription="What is psychedelic medicine?"/><HTML><iframe width="100%" height="450" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/607F6j5W3sE" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe></HTML>
 [[File:Psychedelic effect.jpg|alt=This figure is from a 2014 study in the Journal of the Royal Society Interface. The image on the left is of a human brain on a placebo, and the image on the right is of a brain on psilocybin.|thumb|'''Figure 1'''. A 2014 study in the ''Journal of the Royal Society Interface''. The image on the left is of a human brain on a placebo, and the image on the right is of a brain on a psychedelic.]]
-'''Psychedelics are medicinal compounds that given the correct [[priming]] (set) and [[setting]] have  potent anxiolytic, and anti addictive effects and their use correlates to lifetimes without [[depression]]'''<ref>Lifetime use of MDMA/ecstasy and psilocybin is associated with reduced odds of major depressive episodes. Grant M Jones., Matthew K Nock. Published January 5, 2022 in Volume 36, Issue 1 of Journal of Psychopharmacology
+'''Psychedelics are medicinal compounds that given the correct [[priming]] (set) and [[setting]] have potent anxiolytic, antidepressant and anti addictive effects.''' It is suggested that these effects to arise from induced [[Pivotal Mental States]].
-<nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1177/026988112</nowiki></ref>'''. It is suggested that these effects to arise from induced [[Pivotal Mental States]].'''
 During the [[Psychedelic Experience|psychedelic experience,]] as shown in the illustrated brain scan to the right ('''Figure 1''') parts of the brain which do not usually communicate with one another start talking, and subconscious inputs open up to the conscious mind. The experience is thought to open a [[Neuroplasticity|neuroplastic]] window giving users an opportunity to correct ruminating thought patterns thought to be the basis of [[Mental Illness|mental illnesses]] such as [[depression]] and anxiety.
@@ Line 50: / Line 48: @@
 **'''Hyper-Consumerism''' - several peer-reviewed studies have shown that psychedelics also work as ''[[ecodelics]]'', medicines which can induce ecological concern<ref>'''Acute, subacute and long-term subjective effects of psilocybin in healthy humans: a pooled analysis of experimental studies'''. Studerus E, Kometer M, Hasler F, Vollenweider FX.  J Psychopharmacol. 2011 Nov;25(11):1434-52. doi: 10.1177/0269881110382466. Epub 2010 Sep 20. PMID: 20855349. Accessed on 12 December 2022 via: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20855349/</ref><ref>'''Connectedness to Nature and to Humanity: their association and personality correlates'''. Front. Psychol., 21 July 2015. Sec. Personality and Social Psychology. Kibeom Lee, Michael C. Ashton, Julie Choi and Kayla Zachariassen. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01003. Accessed on 3rd October 2022 via https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01003/full</ref><ref>'''Increased nature relatedness and decreased authoritarian political views after psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression'''. Journal of Psychopharmacology. Taylor Lyons, Robin L Carhart-Harris. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881117748902. Accessed on 3rd October 2022 via https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0269881117748902</ref><ref>'''Psychedelics, Personality and Political Perspectives'''. Matthew M Nour 1, Lisa Evans 2, Robin L Carhart-Harris DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2017.1312643. 2017 Jul-Aug;49(3):182-191. doi: 10.1080/02791072.2017.1312643. Epub 2017 Apr 26. Accessed on 3rd October 2022 via https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28443703/</ref><ref name=":1">'''''Manifesting Minds: A Review of Psychedelics in Science, Medicine, Sex, and Spirituality'''''. Doblin, Rick; Brad Burge (2014)  North Atlantic Books. <nowiki>ISBN 1583947272</nowiki>.</ref><ref name=":2">'''Lifetime experience with (classic) psychedelics predicts pro-environmental behavior through an increase in nature relatedness'''. Matthias Forstmann and Christina Sagioglou Journal of Psychopharmacology 2017.  DOI: 10.1177/0269881117714049. Accessed on 30th September 2022 via: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28631526/</ref><ref name=":3">'''From Egoism to Ecoism: Psychedelics Increase Nature Relatedness in a State-Mediated and Context-Dependent Manner'''. Hannes Kettner, Sam Gandy, Eline C. H. M. Haijen and Robin L. Carhart-Harris Centre for Psychedelic Research, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. Published: December 2019 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16245147. Accessed on 30th September 2022 via: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31888300/
 </ref>.
-Numerous studies<ref>'''Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy: A Paradigm Shift in Psychiatric Research and Development.''' Eduardo Ekman Schenberg. Front Pharmacol. 2018; 9: 733. Published online 2018 Jul 5. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00733.</ref> and a systematic review<ref>'''A systematic review of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for mental health''': An evaluation of the current wave of research and suggestions for the future. Wheeler, S. W., & Dyer, N. L. (2020).  Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice, 7(3), 279–315. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1037/cns0000237</nowiki></ref> have concluded that [[Guided Psychedelic Therapy|guided psychedelic therapy]] can further improve the above therapeutic effects.
+Emotions and brain function are altered up to one month after a single high dose of psilocybin<ref>'''Emotions and brain function are altered up to one month after a single high dose of psilocybin.''' Barrett, F.S., Doss, M.K., Sepeda, N.D. ''et al.''  ''Sci Rep'' 10, 2214 (2020). <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59282-y</nowiki></ref>. Psychedelic use correlates to lifetimes without [[depression]]<ref>Lifetime use of MDMA/ecstasy and psilocybin is associated with reduced odds of major depressive episodes. Grant M Jones., Matthew K Nock. Published January 5, 2022 in Volume 36, Issue 1 of Journal of Psychopharmacology
+<nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1177/026988112</nowiki></ref>. Numerous studies<ref>'''Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy: A Paradigm Shift in Psychiatric Research and Development.''' Eduardo Ekman Schenberg. Front Pharmacol. 2018; 9: 733. Published online 2018 Jul 5. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00733.</ref> and a systematic review<ref>'''A systematic review of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for mental health''': An evaluation of the current wave of research and suggestions for the future. Wheeler, S. W., & Dyer, N. L. (2020).  Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice, 7(3), 279–315. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1037/cns0000237</nowiki></ref> have concluded that [[Guided Psychedelic Therapy|guided psychedelic therapy]] can further improve the above therapeutic effects.
 == Mechanism of Action ==
@@ Line 59: / Line 59: @@
 ''"MDMA experience reports featured an emotionally intensifying profile accompanied by many cognitive process words and dynamic-personal language. In contrast, Ayahuasca and DMT experience reports involved relatively little emotional language, few cognitive process words, increased analytical thinking-associated language, and the most semantic similarity with psychedelic and mystical experience descriptions<ref>'''Analysis of recreational psychedelic substance use experiences classified by substance.''' Adrian Hase, Max Erdmann, Verena Limbach & Gregor Hasler Psychopharmacology volume 239, pages643–659 (2022) Altmetric Metrics https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00213-022-06062-3</ref>. LSD, psilocybin mushroom, and ketamine reports showed only small differences on the emotion-, analytical thinking-, psychedelic, and mystical experience-related language outcomes. Further research has concluded: “Both doses of LSD and the high dose of psilocybin produced qualitatively and quantitatively very similar subjective effects, indicating that alterations of mind that are induced by LSD and psilocybin do not differ beyond the effect duration”<ref name=":0" />.''
-=== Medicinal Chemistry ===
-All psychedelics are chemically unique and but can be catergorised into four main main types (see '''Figure 2'''). There are three main families of chemical compounds: [[tryptamines]], phenethylamines, or lysergamides and many tend to act via serotonin 2A receptor agonism which plays a key role in regulation of cortical function. Serotonin antagonism has been proposed as the mechanism for the subjective and biological effects of classical psychedelics as these effects are blocked after administering 5HT2AR antagonists such as ketanserin<ref>Preller KH, Herdener M, Pokorny T, Planzer A, Kraehenmann R, Stämpfli P, et al. The Fabric of Meaning and Subjective Effects in LSD-Induced States Depend on Serotonin 2A Receptor Activation. Curr Biol. 2017 Feb;27(3):451–7.</ref><ref>Ly C, Greb AC, Cameron LP, Wong JM, Barragan EV, Wilson PC, et al. Psychedelics Promote Structural and Functional Neural Plasticity. Cell Rep. 2018 Jun 12;23(11):3170–82.</ref>.
-=== Duration of psychedelic state ===
-* DMT: 15-30 minutes.
-* Psilocybin: 3-6 hours.
-* Ayahuasca 4-7 hours.
-*LSD 6-11 hours.
-*Mescaline: 8-15 hours.
-'''Long lasting effect'''
-Emotions and brain function are altered up to one month after a single high dose of psilocybin<ref>'''Emotions and brain function are altered up to one month after a single high dose of psilocybin.''' Barrett, F.S., Doss, M.K., Sepeda, N.D. ''et al.''  ''Sci Rep'' 10, 2214 (2020). <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-59282-y</nowiki></ref>.
-== Who would be eligible for psychedelics from a doctor? ==
-=== Exclusions Criteria ===
-Psychedelic therapy is not for everyone. There is a category of patients that have specific conditions or are taking specific medicines that should be [[Psychedelic Therapy Exclusion Categories|excluded from psychedelic therapy]]:
-* People taking '''SSRIs''': citalopram (Cipramil), dapoxetine (Priligy)<nowiki/>, escitalopram (Cipralex), fluoxetine (Prozac or Oxactin)  may experience [[SSRI and psychedelics|serotonin syndrome]], this is more pronounced in those taking MDMA;
-* People taking '''olanzapine''' (an atypical antipsychotic) as there is some evidence to suggest it can [[Trip Terminator|''terminate'' a trip]]<ref>'''Olanzapine as the ideal “trip terminator”?''' Giuseppe Valeriani, Ornella Corazza, Francesco Saverio Bersani. First published: 28 July 2015 <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.2431</nowiki>. Accessed via: <nowiki>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hup.2431</nowiki></ref>;
-* Presence of high degrees of '''[[Psychedelic Anxiety Syndrome|Psychedelic Anxiety Syndrome;]]'''
-* Presence or history of '''psychosis''';
-* Presence or history of mania or '''bipolar disorder''';
-=== Inclusion Criteria ===
-To be able to obtain a psychedelic from a doctor all of the following criteria must be met:
-* '''Over 25''', this age is not written in stone and there will be some variability, however it is thought that psychedelics should not be taken until brain growth is completed which is occurs around the mid 20's.
-* Diagnosed as having '''Treatment Resistant Depression,''' i.e. no adequate response to a course of appropriate antidepressant medication within a certain time.
-== Adverse effects ==
-Like all medicines, without proper guidance adverse effects can occur. As shown in '''Figure 3''', relative to other popular medicines psychedelics cause much less harm. However, there have been some idiosyncratic [[Adverse Psychedelic Effects|adverse psychedelic effects]].
-== Dosage ==
-All doses listed below are orally administered:
 {| class="wikitable"
 |+
@@ Line 147: / Line 110: @@
 |}
 ''Dosage information frequently changes and is dependent on weight and prior medical condition. Before administering check all information with a suitably qualified professional.''
+=== Medicinal Chemistry ===
+All psychedelics are chemically unique and but can be catergorised into four main main types (see '''Figure 2'''). There are three main families of chemical compounds: [[tryptamines]], phenethylamines, or lysergamides and many tend to act via serotonin 2A receptor agonism which plays a key role in regulation of cortical function. Serotonin antagonism has been proposed as the mechanism for the subjective and biological effects of classical psychedelics as these effects are blocked after administering 5HT2AR antagonists such as ketanserin<ref>Preller KH, Herdener M, Pokorny T, Planzer A, Kraehenmann R, Stämpfli P, et al. The Fabric of Meaning and Subjective Effects in LSD-Induced States Depend on Serotonin 2A Receptor Activation. Curr Biol. 2017 Feb;27(3):451–7.</ref><ref>Ly C, Greb AC, Cameron LP, Wong JM, Barragan EV, Wilson PC, et al. Psychedelics Promote Structural and Functional Neural Plasticity. Cell Rep. 2018 Jun 12;23(11):3170–82.</ref>.
+== Who would be eligible for psychedelics from a doctor? ==
+=== Exclusions Criteria ===
+Psychedelic therapy is not for everyone. There is a category of patients that have specific conditions or are taking specific medicines that should be [[Psychedelic Therapy Exclusion Categories|excluded from psychedelic therapy]]:
+* People taking '''SSRIs''': citalopram (Cipramil), dapoxetine (Priligy)<nowiki/>, escitalopram (Cipralex), fluoxetine (Prozac or Oxactin)  may experience [[SSRI and psychedelics|serotonin syndrome]], this is more pronounced in those taking MDMA;
+* People taking '''olanzapine''' (an atypical antipsychotic) as there is some evidence to suggest it can [[Trip Terminator|''terminate'' a trip]]<ref>'''Olanzapine as the ideal “trip terminator”?''' Giuseppe Valeriani, Ornella Corazza, Francesco Saverio Bersani. First published: 28 July 2015 <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.2431</nowiki>. Accessed via: <nowiki>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hup.2431</nowiki></ref>;
+* Presence of high degrees of '''[[Psychedelic Anxiety Syndrome|Psychedelic Anxiety Syndrome;]]'''
+* Presence or history of '''psychosis''';
+* Presence or history of mania or '''bipolar disorder''';
+=== Inclusion Criteria ===
+To be able to obtain a psychedelic from a doctor all of the following criteria must be met:
+* '''Over 25''', this age is not written in stone and there will be some variability, however it is thought that psychedelics should not be taken until brain growth is completed which is occurs around the mid 20's.
+* Diagnosed as having '''Treatment Resistant Depression,''' i.e. no adequate response to a course of appropriate antidepressant medication within a certain time.
+== Adverse effects ==
+Like all medicines, without proper guidance adverse effects can occur. As shown in '''Figure 3''', relative to other popular medicines psychedelics cause much less harm. However, there have been some idiosyncratic [[Adverse Psychedelic Effects|adverse psychedelic effects]].
 ==== Microdosing ====
@@ Line 154: / Line 140: @@
 In controlled studies, which in mental health are the gold standard, (see [[Referencing|critical appraisal]]) the placebo effect is excluded. In all of these studies microdosing has been shown to have no effect<ref>'''Repeated low doses of LSD in healthy adults: A placebo-controlled, dose–response study''' Harriet de Wit,Hanna M. Molla,Anya Bershad,Michael Bremmer,Royce Lee First published: 01 February 2022 <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1111/adb.13143</nowiki>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/adb.13143</ref> and even in some have shown negative effects such as neuroticism<ref>'''A Systematic Study of Microdosing'''. Richard J. Stevenson, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. 10.1371/journal.pone.0211023</ref>. It has been suggested that this is because the experience of the ''trip'' is more important than the underlying chemical-electrical mechanisms<ref>'''The Subjective Effects of Psychedelics Are Necessary for Their Enduring Therapeutic Effects''': David B. Yaden and Roland R. Griffiths* ACS Pharmacol. Transl. Sci. 2021, 4, 2, 568–572. Publication Date:December 10, 2020. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.0c00194</nowiki></ref> (see '''Figure 3''') . By propagating the myth that microdosing does have an effect this may cause people from not accessing the correct dose and getting the actual benefit from the medicine.
-== Oneirogen ==
+== Oneirogens ==
 An [[Oneirogens|oneirogen]], is a substance or experience which enhances dream states, in effect this could be likened to an unconscious psychedelic states.<hr>
 '''References'''<references />

Psychedelics (view source)

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