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Amanita muscaria: Difference between revisions
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==== Toxicity ==== | ==== Toxicity ==== | ||
Ibotenic acid is known to be a neurotoxin, acting via the NMDA receptor and metabotropic glutamate receptor. Ibotenic acid can be converted to muscimol via decarboxylation. This can be performed using a combination of heat and acid-catalysis with the potential for adding decarboxylasing enzymes such as milk / lactobacillus derivatives which contain glutamate decarboxylase. | [[File:Amanita muscaria.png|alt=Amanita muscaria|thumb|'''Figure 4'''. Poison or Candy?]] | ||
If prepared incorrectly amanita muscaria is potentially toxic. Ibotenic acid contained within the fresh mushroom is known to be a neurotoxin, acting via the NMDA receptor and metabotropic glutamate receptor. Ibotenic acid can be converted to muscimol via decarboxylation. This can be performed using a combination of heat and acid-catalysis with the potential for adding decarboxylasing enzymes such as milk / lactobacillus derivatives which contain glutamate decarboxylase. | |||
==== Preparation ==== | ==== Preparation ==== | ||
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A modern retrospective analysis of scientific data shows descriptions of the ‘fly-agaric men’ and ‘amanita girls’ evoked by the mushroom Amanita muscaria show striking similarities to Leroy’s lilliputian hallucinations<ref>The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Substances, Richard Rudgley, St. Martin's Publishing Group, 2014, ISBN: 1466886005</ref>. The same holds true for Chinese descriptions of xiao ren ren (‘lots of little people’), prompted by the consumption of undercooked blue-staining boletes<ref>Xiao Ren Ren : The “Little People” of Yunnan, November 2008Economic Botany 62(3):540-544, DOI:10.1007/s12231-008-9049-0</ref>. | A modern retrospective analysis of scientific data shows descriptions of the ‘fly-agaric men’ and ‘amanita girls’ evoked by the mushroom Amanita muscaria show striking similarities to Leroy’s lilliputian hallucinations<ref>The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Substances, Richard Rudgley, St. Martin's Publishing Group, 2014, ISBN: 1466886005</ref>. The same holds true for Chinese descriptions of xiao ren ren (‘lots of little people’), prompted by the consumption of undercooked blue-staining boletes<ref>Xiao Ren Ren : The “Little People” of Yunnan, November 2008Economic Botany 62(3):540-544, DOI:10.1007/s12231-008-9049-0</ref>. | ||
However, the "machine elves," "clockwork elves" and "gnomes," seen after taking DMT seem to be substantially different from traditional Lilliputian experiences <ref name=":1" />. The literature on these events, which is commonly referred to as "psychedelic entity encounters," describes them as minute, mobile, primarily extraterrestrial, and frequently kaleidoscopically shifting. Their love of connection is another crucial quality<ref>Anomalous Psychedelic Experiences: At the Neurochemical Juncture of the Humanistic and Parapsychological, David Luke, Journal of Humanistic Psychology 2022, Vol. 62(2) 257–297 DOI: 10.1177/0022167820917767</ref>. These "''entities''" are mentioned in half of the accounts of about 60 healthy volunteers who received DMT intravenously, according to a comprehensive medical analysis of them<ref>Psychometric assessment of the Hallucinogen Rating Scale�. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 62 (2001) 215–223. Accessed on 15th August 2022 via <nowiki>https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/35874594/riba_dad_2001-with-cover-page-v2.pdf</nowiki></ref>. | However, the "''machine elves''," "''clockwork elves''" and "''gnomes''," seen after taking DMT seem to be substantially different from traditional Lilliputian experiences <ref name=":1" />. The literature on these events, which is commonly referred to as "psychedelic entity encounters," describes them as minute, mobile, primarily extraterrestrial, and frequently kaleidoscopically shifting. Their love of connection is another crucial quality<ref>Anomalous Psychedelic Experiences: At the Neurochemical Juncture of the Humanistic and Parapsychological, David Luke, Journal of Humanistic Psychology 2022, Vol. 62(2) 257–297 DOI: 10.1177/0022167820917767</ref>. These "''entities''" are mentioned in half of the accounts of about 60 healthy volunteers who received DMT intravenously, according to a comprehensive medical analysis of them<ref>Psychometric assessment of the Hallucinogen Rating Scale�. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 62 (2001) 215–223. Accessed on 15th August 2022 via <nowiki>https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/35874594/riba_dad_2001-with-cover-page-v2.pdf</nowiki></ref>. | ||
According to reports, the creatures frequently lived with the volunteers in a "shared extraterrestrial reality" and probed, examined, tested, and/or modified their brains and bodies. The perception that the entities had been waiting for them to arrive and may have even started the "encounter" was expressed by 69% of respondents to an online poll of 2561 people who had used DMT by inhalation<ref>Survey of entity encounter experiences occasioned by inhaled N,N-dimethyltryptamine: Phenomenology, interpretation, and enduring effects. Alan K Davis, John M Clifton, Eric G Weaver, <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881120916143</nowiki></ref>, demonstrating the reality of this realm. The stereotypical Leroyan experience of brightly coloured small animals marching or dancing around people's actual settings while completely unaware of the - usually puzzled - viewer is obviously very different from these experiences.<hr> | According to reports, the creatures frequently lived with the volunteers in a "shared extraterrestrial reality" and probed, examined, tested, and/or modified their brains and bodies. The perception that the entities had been waiting for them to arrive and may have even started the "encounter" was expressed by 69% of respondents to an online poll of 2561 people who had used DMT by inhalation<ref>Survey of entity encounter experiences occasioned by inhaled N,N-dimethyltryptamine: Phenomenology, interpretation, and enduring effects. Alan K Davis, John M Clifton, Eric G Weaver, <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881120916143</nowiki></ref>, demonstrating the reality of this realm. The stereotypical Leroyan experience of brightly coloured small animals marching or dancing around people's actual settings while completely unaware of the - usually puzzled - viewer is obviously very different from these experiences.<hr> | ||