2,736
edits
mNo edit summary |
mNo edit summary |
||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
<HTML><iframe width="100%" height="450" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/607F6j5W3sE" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe></HTML> | <HTML><iframe width="100%" height="450" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/607F6j5W3sE" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe></HTML> | ||
[[File:Psychedelic effect.jpg|alt=This figure is from a 2014 study in the Journal of the Royal Society Interface. The image on the left is of a human brain on a placebo, and the image on the right is of a brain on psilocybin.|thumb|'''Figure 1'''. A 2014 study in the ''Journal of the Royal Society Interface''. The image on the left is of a human brain on a placebo, and the image on the right is of a brain on a psychedelic.]] | [[File:Psychedelic effect.jpg|alt=This figure is from a 2014 study in the Journal of the Royal Society Interface. The image on the left is of a human brain on a placebo, and the image on the right is of a brain on psilocybin.|thumb|'''Figure 1'''. A 2014 study in the ''Journal of the Royal Society Interface''. The image on the left is of a human brain on a placebo, and the image on the right is of a brain on a psychedelic.]] | ||
'''Psychedelics are medicinal compounds which affect the functioning of the human mind. Although historically psychedelics have been held in high regard, since the 1970's they have been shrouded in [[War on Drugs|taboo]]. This was, in part, due to a US led criminalisation effort linked to preventing a decrease in conscription for the Vietnam War. However, since the advent of [[The Psychedelic Renaissance]] this fabrication is slowly dissipating.''' | '''Psychedelics are medicinal compounds which affect the functioning of the human mind. Although historically psychedelics have been held in high regard, since the 1970's they have been shrouded in [[War on Drugs|taboo]]. This was, in part, due to a US led criminalisation effort linked to preventing a decrease in conscription for the Vietnam War, termed the [[War on Drugs]]. However, since the advent of [[The Psychedelic Renaissance]] this fabrication is slowly dissipating.''' | ||
During the psychedelic experience as shown in the brain scan to the right ('''Figure 1''') subconscious inputs open up to the conscious mind effectively allowing the user to see the [[Popular delusions|delusions]] and [[Logical fallacies|fallacies]] under the hood. Several peer reviewed studies have shown that psychedelics | During the psychedelic experience as shown in the brain scan to the right ('''Figure 1''') subconscious inputs open up to the conscious mind effectively allowing the user to see the [[Popular delusions|delusions]] and [[Logical fallacies|fallacies]] under the hood. Several peer reviewed studies have shown that psychedelics also work as ''[[ecodelics]]'', medicines which can induce ecological concern<ref>'''Acute, subacute and long-term subjective effects of psilocybin in healthy humans: a pooled analysis of experimental studies'''. Studerus E, Kometer M, Hasler F, Vollenweider FX. J Psychopharmacol. 2011 Nov;25(11):1434-52. doi: 10.1177/0269881110382466. Epub 2010 Sep 20. PMID: 20855349. Accessed on 12 December 2022 via: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20855349/</ref><ref>'''Connectedness to Nature and to Humanity: their association and personality correlates'''. Front. Psychol., 21 July 2015. Sec. Personality and Social Psychology. Kibeom Lee, Michael C. Ashton, Julie Choi and Kayla Zachariassen. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01003. Accessed on 3rd October 2022 via https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01003/full</ref><ref>'''Increased nature relatedness and decreased authoritarian political views after psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression'''. Journal of Psychopharmacology. Taylor Lyons, Robin L Carhart-Harris. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881117748902. Accessed on 3rd October 2022 via https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0269881117748902</ref><ref>'''Psychedelics, Personality and Political Perspectives'''. Matthew M Nour 1, Lisa Evans 2, Robin L Carhart-Harris DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2017.1312643. 2017 Jul-Aug;49(3):182-191. doi: 10.1080/02791072.2017.1312643. Epub 2017 Apr 26. Accessed on 3rd October 2022 via https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28443703/</ref><ref name=":1">'''''Manifesting Minds: A Review of Psychedelics in Science, Medicine, Sex, and Spirituality'''''. Doblin, Rick; Brad Burge (2014) North Atlantic Books. <nowiki>ISBN 1583947272</nowiki>.</ref><ref name=":2">'''Lifetime experience with (classic) psychedelics predicts pro-environmental behavior through an increase in nature relatedness'''. Matthias Forstmann and Christina Sagioglou Journal of Psychopharmacology 2017. DOI: 10.1177/0269881117714049. Accessed on 30th September 2022 via: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28631526/</ref><ref name=":3">'''From Egoism to Ecoism: Psychedelics Increase Nature Relatedness in a State-Mediated and Context-Dependent Manner'''. Hannes Kettner, Sam Gandy, Eline C. H. M. Haijen and Robin L. Carhart-Harris Centre for Psychedelic Research, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. Published: December 2019 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16245147. Accessed on 30th September 2022 via: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31888300/ | ||
</ref>. | |||
== Psychedelic Compounds == | == Psychedelic Compounds == | ||
Line 35: | Line 36: | ||
== Usage == | == Usage == | ||
[[File:Economist relative harm.jpg|alt=Economist relative harm|thumb|'''Figure 3'''. Economist June 2019<ref>https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2019/06/25/what-is-the-most-dangerous-drug</ref>, relative harm of different drugs.]] | [[File:Economist relative harm.jpg|alt=Economist relative harm|thumb|'''Figure 3'''. Economist June 2019<ref>https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2019/06/25/what-is-the-most-dangerous-drug</ref>, relative harm of different drugs.]] | ||
Like all medicines, psychedelics are not without potential harm. However, relative to all other drugs (See '''Figure 3''') risk associated with their use is minimal. In a clinical sense, under specific [[priming]] and [[setting]] there is abundant evidence for the safety and efficacy for their use in the treatment of: | |||
* '''Cyclical thought patterns:''' | * '''Cyclical thought patterns:''' | ||
Line 43: | Line 44: | ||
**'''Alcoholism''' - the founder of AA cured his alcoholism using LSD<ref>A Radical New Approach to Beating Addiction". Psychology Today. Retrieved February 24, 2019, also Francis Hartigan Bill Wilson p. 177-179.</ref>. | **'''Alcoholism''' - the founder of AA cured his alcoholism using LSD<ref>A Radical New Approach to Beating Addiction". Psychology Today. Retrieved February 24, 2019, also Francis Hartigan Bill Wilson p. 177-179.</ref>. | ||
**'''Tobacco Use''' - small study has shown an 80% cessation rate after 6 months which compare to the industry standard of 35%<ref>''An online survey of tobacco smoking cessation associated with naturalistic psychedelic use. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 31(7), 841–850.'' Johnson, M. W., Garcia-Romeu, A., Johnson, P. S., & Griffiths, R. R. (2017). doi:10.1177/0269881116684335 10.1177/0269881116684335</ref>. | **'''Tobacco Use''' - small study has shown an 80% cessation rate after 6 months which compare to the industry standard of 35%<ref>''An online survey of tobacco smoking cessation associated with naturalistic psychedelic use. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 31(7), 841–850.'' Johnson, M. W., Garcia-Romeu, A., Johnson, P. S., & Griffiths, R. R. (2017). doi:10.1177/0269881116684335 10.1177/0269881116684335</ref>. | ||
Numerous studies<ref>'''Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy: A Paradigm Shift in Psychiatric Research and Development.''' Eduardo Ekman Schenberg. Front Pharmacol. 2018; 9: 733. Published online 2018 Jul 5. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00733.</ref> and a systematic review<ref>'''A systematic review of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for mental health''': An evaluation of the current wave of research and suggestions for the future. Wheeler, S. W., & Dyer, N. L. (2020). Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice, 7(3), 279–315. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1037/cns0000237</nowiki></ref> have concluded that [[Guided Psychedelic Therapy|guided psychedelic therapy]] can further improve the above therapeutic effects. | |||
Numerous studies<ref>'''Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy: A Paradigm Shift in Psychiatric Research and Development.''' Eduardo Ekman Schenberg. Front Pharmacol. 2018; 9: 733. Published online 2018 Jul 5. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00733.</ref> and a systematic review<ref>'''A systematic review of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for mental health''': An evaluation of the current wave of research and suggestions for the future. Wheeler, S. W., & Dyer, N. L. (2020). Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice, 7(3), 279–315. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1037/cns0000237</nowiki></ref> have concluded that [[Guided Psychedelic Therapy|guided psychedelic therapy]] can | |||
== Mechanism of Action == | == Mechanism of Action == | ||
Psychedelics | Psychedelics induce [[Neuroplasticity|neuroplastic]], [[Pivotal mental state|pivotal mental states]]. It is thought psychedelics mediate this effect by altering Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)<ref>'''Psychedelics and Neuroplasticity: A Systematic Review Unraveling the Biological Underpinnings of Psychedelics''' Cato M. H. de Vos, Natasha L. Mason and Kim P. C. Kuypers* Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands Front. Psychiatry, 10 September 2021 </ref>. | ||
== Psychedelic Comparison == | == Psychedelic Comparison == | ||
Whilst the pharmaceutical industry markets that psychedelics can cure everything from obesity to hair loss, in reality there is little evidence that they can treat any other conditions apart from specific mental health issues. In this regard, the most commonly used psychedelics, Psilocybin, DMT and LSD have a very similar effect<ref>'''Effects of Naturalistic Psychedelic Use on Depression, Anxiety, and Well-Being''': Associations With Patterns of Use, Reported Harms, and Transformative Mental States. Front. Psychiatry, 15 March 2022. Sec. Psychopharmacology. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.831092</nowiki></ref><ref name=":0">'''Direct comparison of the acute effects of lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin in a double-blind placebo-controlled study in healthy subjects.''' Holze, F., Ley, L., Müller, F. ''et al.'' ''Neuropsychopharmacol.'' 47, 1180–1187 (2022). <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-022-01297-2</nowiki></ref><ref>'''Double-blind comparison of the two hallucinogens psilocybin and dextromethorphan: similarities and differences in subjective experiences.''' Carbonaro TM, Johnson MW, Hurwitz E, Griffiths RR. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2018 Feb;235(2):521-534. doi: 10.1007/s00213-017-4769-4. Epub 2017 Nov 7. PMID: 29116367; PMCID: PMC6645364.</ref><ref>'''Comparison of the Reactions Induced by Psilocybin and LSD-25 in Man'''. From the National Institute of Mental Health, Addiction Research Center, U. S. Public Health Service, Lexington, Kentucky by HARRIS ISBELL 1959</ref> whilst dissociatives | Whilst the pharmaceutical industry markets that psychedelics can cure everything from obesity to hair loss, in reality there is little evidence that they can treat any other conditions apart from specific [[Mental Illness|mental health]] issues. In this regard, the most commonly used psychedelics, [[Psilocybin]], DMT and LSD have a very similar effect<ref>'''Effects of Naturalistic Psychedelic Use on Depression, Anxiety, and Well-Being''': Associations With Patterns of Use, Reported Harms, and Transformative Mental States. Front. Psychiatry, 15 March 2022. Sec. Psychopharmacology. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.831092</nowiki></ref><ref name=":0">'''Direct comparison of the acute effects of lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin in a double-blind placebo-controlled study in healthy subjects.''' Holze, F., Ley, L., Müller, F. ''et al.'' ''Neuropsychopharmacol.'' 47, 1180–1187 (2022). <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-022-01297-2</nowiki></ref><ref>'''Double-blind comparison of the two hallucinogens psilocybin and dextromethorphan: similarities and differences in subjective experiences.''' Carbonaro TM, Johnson MW, Hurwitz E, Griffiths RR. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2018 Feb;235(2):521-534. doi: 10.1007/s00213-017-4769-4. Epub 2017 Nov 7. PMID: 29116367; PMCID: PMC6645364.</ref><ref>'''Comparison of the Reactions Induced by Psilocybin and LSD-25 in Man'''. From the National Institute of Mental Health, Addiction Research Center, U. S. Public Health Service, Lexington, Kentucky by HARRIS ISBELL 1959</ref> whilst dissociatives have a similar effect the experience is more associated with [[Out of Body Experiences]]. Popular opinion suggests that each psychedelic, irrelevant of class has an individual nuanced effect, this can be seen by the thousands of subjective reports scattered on the internet https://erowid.org/experiences/). However, a recent analysis of 2947 publicly available trip reports concluded: | ||
''"MDMA experience reports featured an emotionally intensifying profile accompanied by many cognitive process words and dynamic-personal language. In contrast, Ayahuasca and DMT experience reports involved relatively little emotional language, few cognitive process words, increased analytical thinking-associated language, and the most semantic similarity with psychedelic and mystical experience descriptions<ref>'''Analysis of recreational psychedelic substance use experiences classified by substance.''' Adrian Hase, Max Erdmann, Verena Limbach & Gregor Hasler Psychopharmacology volume 239, pages643–659 (2022) Altmetric Metrics https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00213-022-06062-3</ref>. LSD, psilocybin mushroom, and ketamine reports showed only small differences on the emotion-, analytical thinking-, psychedelic, and mystical experience-related language outcomes. Further research has concluded: “Both doses of LSD and the high dose of psilocybin produced qualitatively and quantitatively very similar subjective effects, indicating that alterations of mind that are induced by LSD and psilocybin do not differ beyond the effect duration”<ref name=":0" />.'' | ''"MDMA experience reports featured an emotionally intensifying profile accompanied by many cognitive process words and dynamic-personal language. In contrast, Ayahuasca and DMT experience reports involved relatively little emotional language, few cognitive process words, increased analytical thinking-associated language, and the most semantic similarity with psychedelic and mystical experience descriptions<ref>'''Analysis of recreational psychedelic substance use experiences classified by substance.''' Adrian Hase, Max Erdmann, Verena Limbach & Gregor Hasler Psychopharmacology volume 239, pages643–659 (2022) Altmetric Metrics https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00213-022-06062-3</ref>. LSD, psilocybin mushroom, and ketamine reports showed only small differences on the emotion-, analytical thinking-, psychedelic, and mystical experience-related language outcomes. Further research has concluded: “Both doses of LSD and the high dose of psilocybin produced qualitatively and quantitatively very similar subjective effects, indicating that alterations of mind that are induced by LSD and psilocybin do not differ beyond the effect duration”<ref name=":0" />.'' | ||
Line 58: | Line 57: | ||
=== Medicinal Chemistry === | === Medicinal Chemistry === | ||
All psychedelics are chemically unique and but can be catergorised into four main main types (see | All psychedelics are chemically unique and but can be catergorised into four main main types (see f'''igure 2'''). There are three main families of chemical compounds: [[tryptamines]], phenethylamines, or lysergamides and many tend to act via serotonin 2A receptor agonism which plays a key role in regulation of cortical function. Serotonin antagonism has been proposed as the mechanism for the subjective and biological effects of classical psychedelics as these effects are blocked after administering 5HT2AR antagonists such as ketanserin<ref>Preller KH, Herdener M, Pokorny T, Planzer A, Kraehenmann R, Stämpfli P, et al. The Fabric of Meaning and Subjective Effects in LSD-Induced States Depend on Serotonin 2A Receptor Activation. Curr Biol. 2017 Feb;27(3):451–7.</ref><ref>Ly C, Greb AC, Cameron LP, Wong JM, Barragan EV, Wilson PC, et al. Psychedelics Promote Structural and Functional Neural Plasticity. Cell Rep. 2018 Jun 12;23(11):3170–82.</ref>. | ||
=== Duration of psychedelic state === | === Duration of psychedelic state === | ||
Line 82: | Line 78: | ||
* Presence or history of psychosis; | * Presence or history of psychosis; | ||
* Presence or history of mania or bipolar disorder; | * Presence or history of mania or bipolar disorder; | ||
=== Side effects === | |||
Mescaline causes stomach cramps. | |||
== Microdosing == | == Microdosing == |