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[[File:Pivotal mental states induced by psychedelics.png|alt=Pivotal mental states induced by psychedelics|thumb|'''Figure 1'''. Pivotal mental states induced by psychedelics<ref>'''Ketamine psychedelic psychotherapy: Focus on its pharmacology, phenomenology, and clinical applications.''' Kolp, E., Friedman, H. L., Krupitsky, E., Jansen, K., Sylvester, M., Young, M. S., & Kolp, A. (2014). ''International Journal of Transpersonal Studies, 33''(2), 84–140. Accessed on 24th September 2022 via: https://digitalcommons.ciis.edu/ijts-transpersonalstudies/vol33/iss2/8/</ref>.]] | [[File:Pivotal mental states induced by psychedelics.png|alt=Pivotal mental states induced by psychedelics|thumb|'''Figure 1'''. Pivotal mental states induced by psychedelics<ref>'''Ketamine psychedelic psychotherapy: Focus on its pharmacology, phenomenology, and clinical applications.''' Kolp, E., Friedman, H. L., Krupitsky, E., Jansen, K., Sylvester, M., Young, M. S., & Kolp, A. (2014). ''International Journal of Transpersonal Studies, 33''(2), 84–140. Accessed on 24th September 2022 via: https://digitalcommons.ciis.edu/ijts-transpersonalstudies/vol33/iss2/8/</ref>.]] | ||
=== Psychedelics === | === Psychedelics === | ||
[[Psychedelics]] are medicines that when administered under [[Psychedelic Best Practice|Best Practice]] can safely and proundly shift normal thought patterns<ref>'''From Egoism to Ecoism: Psychedelics Increase Nature Relatedness in a State-Mediated and Context-Dependent Manner.''' Kettner H, Gandy S, Haijen ECHM, Carhart-Harris RL. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Dec 16;16(24):5147. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16245147. PMID: 31888300; PMCID: PMC6949937. Accessed on 24th September 2022 via https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/24/5147</ref> (see '''Figure 1'''). This is achieved by | [[Psychedelics]] are medicines that when administered under [[Psychedelic Best Practice|Best Practice]] can safely and proundly shift normal thought patterns<ref>'''From Egoism to Ecoism: Psychedelics Increase Nature Relatedness in a State-Mediated and Context-Dependent Manner.''' Kettner H, Gandy S, Haijen ECHM, Carhart-Harris RL. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Dec 16;16(24):5147. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16245147. PMID: 31888300; PMCID: PMC6949937. Accessed on 24th September 2022 via https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/24/5147</ref> (see '''Figure 1'''). This is achieved by temporarily altering brain function to be less constrained than usual by modulating the presence or absence of underlying anatomical connections<ref>'''LSD alters dynamic integration and segregation in the human brain''', NeuroImage, Volume 227, 2021, 117653, ISSN 1053-8119, Andrea I. Luppi, Robin L. Carhart-Harris, Leor Roseman, Ioannis Pappas, David K. Menon, Emmanuel A. Stamatakis,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117653.Accessed on 24th Sept 2022 via https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053811920311381 </ref>. There is now a vast amount of evidence to suggest that psychedelics are highly effective in treating mental health conditions such as addiction, depression and anxiety<ref>'''Adverse effects of psychedelics: From anecdotes and misinformation to systematic science.''' Anne K Schlag, Jacob Aday, Iram Salam. First Published February 2, 2022. [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/02698811211069100 https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811211069100]</ref>. | ||
===Electroconvulsive Therapy=== | ===Electroconvulsive Therapy=== | ||
[[Electroconvulsive Therapy|Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)]] is a technique used in modern medicine to cure treatment resistant depression patients. Research has shown that 64% to 87% of patients with severe depression respond to ECT, with response rates as high as 95% for patients that have accompanying psychotic features<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4193538/</ref>. There is some evidence to suggest that ECT causes similar long and short term effects to [[psychedelics]] in some in vivo case studies<ref>Psychotic symptoms as a complication of electroconvulsive therapy – a case report Anna Antosik-Wójcińska, Magdalena Chojnacka, Łukasz Święcicki Affective Disorders Unit, Second Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology in Warsaw</ref><ref>'''ECT associated musical hallucinations in an elderly patient''': a case report. ''Ann Gen Psychiatry'' 5, 10 (2006). Janakiraman, R., Wildgoose, K. & Seelam, K. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-859X-5-10</nowiki></ref><ref>'''LSD-Like Flashbacks Associated with ECT'''. Convuls Ther. Russ MJ, Gold JM. . 1987;3(4):296-301. PMID: 11940932. Accessed on 4th July 2022 via: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11940932/</ref>. | [[Electroconvulsive Therapy|Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)]] is a technique used in modern medicine to cure treatment resistant depression patients. Research has shown that 64% to 87% of patients with severe depression respond to ECT, with response rates as high as 95% for patients that have accompanying psychotic features<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4193538/</ref>. There is some evidence to suggest that ECT causes similar long and short term effects to [[psychedelics]] in some in vivo case studies<ref>Psychotic symptoms as a complication of electroconvulsive therapy – a case report Anna Antosik-Wójcińska, Magdalena Chojnacka, Łukasz Święcicki Affective Disorders Unit, Second Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology in Warsaw</ref><ref>'''ECT associated musical hallucinations in an elderly patient''': a case report. ''Ann Gen Psychiatry'' 5, 10 (2006). Janakiraman, R., Wildgoose, K. & Seelam, K. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-859X-5-10</nowiki></ref><ref>'''LSD-Like Flashbacks Associated with ECT'''. Convuls Ther. Russ MJ, Gold JM. . 1987;3(4):296-301. PMID: 11940932. Accessed on 4th July 2022 via: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11940932/</ref>, however ECT can cause memory loss in some patients. | ||
=== Overview Effect === | === Overview Effect === | ||
Astronauts looking back at Earth with the naked eye often suddenly get an overwhelming responsibility to protect it. When they see only a fine blue line of atmosphere that shelters our only planet from the hostile vacuum of space, national borders disappear; and the scene often evokes a feeling of cosmic connection. This so-called “''overview effect''” has been turning astronauts into environmental advocates ever since the first person in space. | Astronauts looking back at Earth with the naked eye often suddenly get an overwhelming responsibility to protect it. When they see only a fine blue line of atmosphere that shelters our only planet from the hostile vacuum of space, national borders disappear; and the scene often evokes a feeling of cosmic connection. This so-called “''overview effect''” has been turning astronauts into environmental advocates ever since the first person in space. | ||