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== Usage == | == Usage == | ||
Psychedelics are | Psychedelics are tools, like a gun which is neither bad nor good, it is the intention behind their use that creates their effect. In a clinical sense, under specific [[priming]] and [[setting]] there is abundant evidence for the safety and efficacy for their use in the treatment of: | ||
* '''Cyclical thought patterns:''' | |||
* '''Cyclical thought patterns:''' | |||
**'''Depression''' - multiple meta analyses results suggest that psychedelic-assisted therapy is effective with minimal adverse effects<ref>'''Classic serotonergic psychedelics for mood and depressive symptoms: a meta-analysis of mood disorder patients and healthy participants'''. Nicole L. Galvão-Coelho, Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2021; 238(2): 341–354. Published online 2021 Jan 11. doi: 10.1007/s00213-020-05719-1. Accessed on 16th Spetember 2022 via https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7826317/pdf/213_2020_Article_5719.pdf</ref><ref>'''''A Meta-Analysis of Placebo-Controlled Trials of Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy'''. Luoma, J. B., Chwyl, C., Bathje, G. J., Davis, A. K., & Lancelotta, R. (2020). Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 1–11.'' doi:10.1080/02791072.2020.1769878. Accessed on 16th September 2022 via: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32529966/ </ref>, relative to a comparable meta analysis of the effects of 21 traditional antidepressant drugs<ref>Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressant drugs for the acute treatment of adults with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Andrea Cipriani, MD. Published in the Lancet. February 21, 2018 DOI:<nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32802-7</nowiki></ref>, relative to other treatments psychedelics lack the majority of serious adverse effects. | **'''Depression''' - multiple meta analyses results suggest that psychedelic-assisted therapy is effective with minimal adverse effects<ref>'''Classic serotonergic psychedelics for mood and depressive symptoms: a meta-analysis of mood disorder patients and healthy participants'''. Nicole L. Galvão-Coelho, Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2021; 238(2): 341–354. Published online 2021 Jan 11. doi: 10.1007/s00213-020-05719-1. Accessed on 16th Spetember 2022 via https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7826317/pdf/213_2020_Article_5719.pdf</ref><ref>'''''A Meta-Analysis of Placebo-Controlled Trials of Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy'''. Luoma, J. B., Chwyl, C., Bathje, G. J., Davis, A. K., & Lancelotta, R. (2020). Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 1–11.'' doi:10.1080/02791072.2020.1769878. Accessed on 16th September 2022 via: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32529966/ </ref>, relative to a comparable meta analysis of the effects of 21 traditional antidepressant drugs<ref>Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressant drugs for the acute treatment of adults with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Andrea Cipriani, MD. Published in the Lancet. February 21, 2018 DOI:<nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32802-7</nowiki></ref>, relative to other treatments psychedelics lack the majority of serious adverse effects. | ||
**'''Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)''' | **'''Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD)''' | ||
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**'''Alcoholism''' - the founder of AA cured his alcoholism using LSD<ref>A Radical New Approach to Beating Addiction". Psychology Today. Retrieved February 24, 2019, also Francis Hartigan Bill Wilson p. 177-179.</ref>. | **'''Alcoholism''' - the founder of AA cured his alcoholism using LSD<ref>A Radical New Approach to Beating Addiction". Psychology Today. Retrieved February 24, 2019, also Francis Hartigan Bill Wilson p. 177-179.</ref>. | ||
**'''Tobacco Use''' - small study has shown an 80% cessation rate after 6 months which compare to the industry standard of 35%<ref>''An online survey of tobacco smoking cessation associated with naturalistic psychedelic use. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 31(7), 841–850.'' Johnson, M. W., Garcia-Romeu, A., Johnson, P. S., & Griffiths, R. R. (2017). doi:10.1177/0269881116684335 10.1177/0269881116684335</ref>. | **'''Tobacco Use''' - small study has shown an 80% cessation rate after 6 months which compare to the industry standard of 35%<ref>''An online survey of tobacco smoking cessation associated with naturalistic psychedelic use. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 31(7), 841–850.'' Johnson, M. W., Garcia-Romeu, A., Johnson, P. S., & Griffiths, R. R. (2017). doi:10.1177/0269881116684335 10.1177/0269881116684335</ref>. | ||
Numerous studies<ref>'''Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy: A Paradigm Shift in Psychiatric Research and Development.''' Eduardo Ekman Schenberg. Front Pharmacol. 2018; 9: 733. Published online 2018 Jul 5. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00733.</ref> and a systematic review<ref>'''A systematic review of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for mental health''': An evaluation of the current wave of research and suggestions for the future. Wheeler, S. W., & Dyer, N. L. (2020). Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice, 7(3), 279–315. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1037/cns0000237</nowiki></ref> have concluded that [[Guided Psychedelic Therapy|guided psychedelic therapy]] can | * '''Ecological crisis denialism''' - several studies have shown that psychedelic use leads to pronounce ecological concern<ref>'''''Manifesting Minds: A Review of Psychedelics in Science, Medicine, Sex, and Spirituality'''''. Doblin, Rick; Brad Burge (2014) North Atlantic Books. <nowiki>ISBN 1583947272</nowiki>.</ref><ref>'''Lifetime experience with (classic) psychedelics predicts pro-environmental behavior through an increase in nature relatedness'''. Matthias Forstmann and Christina Sagioglou Journal of Psychopharmacology 2017. DOI: 10.1177/0269881117714049</ref><ref>'''From Egoism to Ecoism: Psychedelics Increase Nature Relatedness in a State-Mediated and Context-Dependent Manner'''. Hannes Kettner, Sam Gandy, Eline C. H. M. Haijen and Robin L. Carhart-Harris Centre for Psychedelic Research, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. Published: December 2019 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16245147 | ||
</ref>. It has been suggested that this may be because as perceptual frameworks dissolve, the rationality of common [[Relativity of ethics|good]] between humans precipitates. | |||
Numerous studies<ref>'''Psychedelic-Assisted Psychotherapy: A Paradigm Shift in Psychiatric Research and Development.''' Eduardo Ekman Schenberg. Front Pharmacol. 2018; 9: 733. Published online 2018 Jul 5. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00733.</ref> and a systematic review<ref>'''A systematic review of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy for mental health''': An evaluation of the current wave of research and suggestions for the future. Wheeler, S. W., & Dyer, N. L. (2020). Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice, 7(3), 279–315. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1037/cns0000237</nowiki></ref> have concluded that [[Guided Psychedelic Therapy|guided psychedelic therapy]] can augment the above therapeutic effects. | |||
== Mechanism of Action == | == Mechanism of Action == | ||
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'''Ergoline''' | '''Ergoline''' | ||
* LSD derived from ergot. | * LSD derived from the rye fungus, ergot. | ||
'''Phenylethylamines''' | '''Phenylethylamines''' | ||
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'''Deliriants''' | '''Deliriants''' | ||
* Muscimol found in [[amanita muscaria]]. | * Muscimol found in the toadstool, [[amanita muscaria]]. | ||
* Ibogaine an African [[entheogen]]. | * Ibogaine, an African [[entheogen]]. | ||
'''Dissociatives''' | '''Dissociatives''' | ||
* Ketamine a synthetic anaesthesia, which is | * Ketamine a synthetic anaesthesia, which globally, is the most prescribed drug in this class. | ||
== Psychedelic Comparison == | == Psychedelic Comparison == | ||
Whilst the pharmaceutical industry markets that psychedelics can cure everything from obesity to hair loss, in reality there is little evidence that they can treat any other conditions apart from mental health issues. In | Whilst the pharmaceutical industry markets that psychedelics can cure everything from obesity to hair loss, in reality there is little evidence that they can treat any other conditions apart from specific mental health issues. In this regard, the most commonly used psychedelics, Psilocybin, DMT and LSD have a very similar effect<ref>'''Effects of Naturalistic Psychedelic Use on Depression, Anxiety, and Well-Being''': Associations With Patterns of Use, Reported Harms, and Transformative Mental States. Front. Psychiatry, 15 March 2022. Sec. Psychopharmacology. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2022.831092</nowiki></ref><ref name=":0">'''Direct comparison of the acute effects of lysergic acid diethylamide and psilocybin in a double-blind placebo-controlled study in healthy subjects.''' Holze, F., Ley, L., Müller, F. ''et al.'' ''Neuropsychopharmacol.'' 47, 1180–1187 (2022). <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-022-01297-2</nowiki></ref><ref>'''Double-blind comparison of the two hallucinogens psilocybin and dextromethorphan: similarities and differences in subjective experiences.''' Carbonaro TM, Johnson MW, Hurwitz E, Griffiths RR. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2018 Feb;235(2):521-534. doi: 10.1007/s00213-017-4769-4. Epub 2017 Nov 7. PMID: 29116367; PMCID: PMC6645364.</ref><ref>'''Comparison of the Reactions Induced by Psilocybin and LSD-25 in Man'''. From the National Institute of Mental Health, Addiction Research Center, U. S. Public Health Service, Lexington, Kentucky by HARRIS ISBELL 1959</ref> whilst dissociatives are more Out of Body Experience orientated. Popular opinion suggests that each psychedelic irrelevant of class has an individual nuanced effect, this can be seen by the thousands of subjective reports scattered on the internet https://erowid.org/experiences/). However, a recent analysis of 2947 publicly available trip reports concluded: | ||
"MDMA experience reports featured an emotionally intensifying profile accompanied by many cognitive process words and dynamic-personal language. In contrast, Ayahuasca and DMT experience reports involved relatively little emotional language, few cognitive process words, increased analytical thinking-associated language, and the most semantic similarity with psychedelic and mystical experience descriptions<ref>'''Analysis of recreational psychedelic substance use experiences classified by substance.''' Adrian Hase, Max Erdmann, Verena Limbach & Gregor Hasler Psychopharmacology volume 239, pages643–659 (2022) Altmetric Metrics https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00213-022-06062-3</ref>. LSD, psilocybin mushroom, and ketamine reports showed only small differences on the emotion-, analytical thinking-, psychedelic, and mystical experience-related language outcomes. Further research has concluded: “Both doses of LSD and the high dose of psilocybin produced qualitatively and quantitatively very similar subjective effects, indicating that alterations of mind that are induced by LSD and psilocybin do not differ beyond the effect duration”<ref name=":0" />. | ''"MDMA experience reports featured an emotionally intensifying profile accompanied by many cognitive process words and dynamic-personal language. In contrast, Ayahuasca and DMT experience reports involved relatively little emotional language, few cognitive process words, increased analytical thinking-associated language, and the most semantic similarity with psychedelic and mystical experience descriptions<ref>'''Analysis of recreational psychedelic substance use experiences classified by substance.''' Adrian Hase, Max Erdmann, Verena Limbach & Gregor Hasler Psychopharmacology volume 239, pages643–659 (2022) Altmetric Metrics https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00213-022-06062-3</ref>. LSD, psilocybin mushroom, and ketamine reports showed only small differences on the emotion-, analytical thinking-, psychedelic, and mystical experience-related language outcomes. Further research has concluded: “Both doses of LSD and the high dose of psilocybin produced qualitatively and quantitatively very similar subjective effects, indicating that alterations of mind that are induced by LSD and psilocybin do not differ beyond the effect duration”<ref name=":0" />.'' | ||
For psilocybin, ketamine, mescaline and LSD it has been found that the psychedelic experience have yielded magnetoencephalographic (MEG) signals values exceeding those of normal waking consciousness. Indicating psychedelic drugs induce ‘''heightened state of consciousness''‘. The scans found the most notable effects in parts of the brain that are known to be important for perceptions, rather than other roles such as language and movement. | For psilocybin, ketamine, mescaline and LSD it has been found that the psychedelic experience have yielded magnetoencephalographic (MEG) signals values exceeding those of normal waking consciousness. Indicating psychedelic drugs induce ‘''heightened state of consciousness''‘. The scans found the most notable effects in parts of the brain that are known to be important for perceptions, rather than other roles such as language and movement. |