Critical analysis

Information can be true or false. Information that tends to be true is information based in scientific fact. Information that tends to be false usually is anecdotal, like the stories from your "ex-special forces" friend Dave at the pub (See Figure 1 - we love Dave!). Everyone trusts their sources differently (Dave might actually be a rocket scientist!) but it's VERY difficult to tell if people are just making shit up. To make this process easier, some use a cheat sheet, based in science which everyone can use to point them in the right direction. Other than that, there are a series of Critical Analysis techniques which can help you figure it out for yourself.

Figure 1. Dave, the veteran, the legend, in the pub.

Critical Analysis Techniques

Figure 2. Hierarchy of Sciences

‘All science is either physics or stamp collecting’

~ Ernest Rutherford, a man who is considered the father of nuclear physics.

As everything is made of atoms, it is arguable that every science is essentially a child of physics as physics is based on the most elementary particles, using the most elementary form of analysis, mathematics. This can be depicted in a hierarchical sense (Figure 2) the further down the hierarchy you move the more complex and multifaceted the science becomes. For instance, a mathematical proof of the Higgs Boson is provable by mathematics, whereas in social sciences because there are so many interlaced factors it is more difficult to get to the absolute root cause.

Primarily, the information we consume should be unbiased and as factual as possible (Figure 3). The closest and most abundant source of this are scientific journal articles. Articles go through an approval process, the editor receives an article then sends it out to other scientists, who provide feedback and recommend whether the paper should be published. This practice only became a requirement by most journals in the 1970s and ’80s and reduces poor science by:

• reducing information overload by eliminating irrelevant or weak studies.
• identifying the most relevant papers.
  

  Figure 3: Scientific weighting hierarchy.
• distinguishing evidence from opinion, assumptions, misreporting, and belief.
• assessing the validity of the study.
• assessing the usefulness and clinical applicability of the study.

This is illustrated in Figure 4 and is the key filtering technique that Burnzero uses to write articles. In fact on every page, at the bottom is a section named Reference, by clicking on the link next to the individual referenced article ([1], [2], [3] etc) you will be taken to an abstract or full article which is only featured if it fits within the higher levels of this hierarchy. Therefore, no news sources are used, only verifiable scientific papers, the intention of this is to bring us closer to fact than fiction.

If you would like to learn more on this subject, you can join one of The Transparent Company's Critical Analysis Course via Prepare.Online.