Cognitive biases
A cognitive bias is a systematic error in thinking that occurs when people are processing and interpreting information in the world around them. They are predictable patterns of thought and behaviour leading to incorrect conclusions. Here are a few:
Thought paradoxes
Thought paradoxes are cognitive processes marked by contradiction of typical logical processes. There are many, below we have listed a few.
Allais’ Paradox
Imagine you have to participate in two lotteries, Lottery 1 and Lottery 2. In each lottery, you have two choices. Here are the choices for Lottery 1:
- Option A: Win $1,000,000 for certain (100% probability)
- Option A*: A 10% chance of winning $5,000,000, an 89% chance of winning $1,000,000, and a 1% chance of winning nothing.
Which option would you choose?
Now let’s go to Lottery 2:
- Option B: A 11% chance of winning $1,000,000 and an 89% chance of winning nothing.
- Option B*: A 10% chance of winning $5,000,000 and a 90% chance of winning nothing.
Which option would you choose?
From a probabilistic viewpoint, if you choose option A you should also have chosen option B and if you have chosen option A* you should have chosen option B* because these two options are identical, at least in relation to options A and B. Before your head explodes, suffice it to say that a rational investor would have chosen either options A and B or options A* and B*, but not A and B* or A* and B.
Yet, a large minority of people will choose option A (the safe gain) and option B*. The reason is that when compared to option B, option B* seems like you got roughly the same odds of winning, but if you win you win five times as much as in option B. So option B* looks more interesting. Meanwhile, in the first lottery, the chance of winning nothing is a mere 1%, yet even such a little chance of missing out on a certain gain of $1,000,000 is enough to tempt people to forego the chance of winning $5,000,000 and take the safe $1,000,000.
Obviously, investors make similar bets all the time in financial markets. Option A is essentially a bond investment, while option A* is a typical stock market investment. Option B is an income stock with steady dividends while option B* is a growth stock with no dividends but a bright future.