Pivotal Mental States: Difference between revisions

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===Electroconvulsive Therapy===

[[Electroconvulsive Therapy|Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)]] is a technique used in modern medicine to help cure treatment-resistant depression (TRD) patients. Research has shown that 64% to 87% of patients with severe TRD respond to ECT, with response rates as high as 95% for patients that have accompanying psychotic features<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4193538/</ref>. There is some evidence to suggest that ECT causes similar long and short term effects to [[psychedelics]] in some in vivo case studies<ref>'''Psychotic symptoms as a complication of electroconvulsive therapy – a case report'''. Anna Antosik-Wójcińska, Magdalena Chojnacka, Łukasz Święcicki Affective Disorders Unit, Second Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology in Warsaw. Accessed on 3 Feb 2023 via: https://scholar.archive.org/work/weltz5hugrf7ncb6vixnu3ncly/access/wayback/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/84de/07ffae988b429f784faaafc32b293093ce51.pdf</ref><ref>'''ECT associated musical hallucinations in an elderly patient''': a case report. ''Ann Gen Psychiatry'' 5, 10 (2006). Janakiraman, R., Wildgoose, K. & Seelam, K. https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-859X-5-10</ref><ref>'''LSD-Like Flashbacks Associated with ECT'''. Convuls Ther. Russ MJ, Gold JM. . 1987;3(4):296-301. PMID: 11940932. Accessed on 4th July 2022 via: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11940932/</ref>.

[[Electroconvulsive Therapy|Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)]] is a technique used in modern medicine to help cure treatment-resistant depression (TRD) patients. Research has shown that 64% to 87% of patients with severe TRD respond to ECT, with response rates as high as 95% for patients that have accompanying psychotic features<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4193538/</ref>. There is some evidence to suggest that ECT causes similar long and short-term effects to [[psychedelics]] in some in vivo case studies<ref>'''Psychotic symptoms as a complication of electroconvulsive therapy – a case report'''. Anna Antosik-Wójcińska, Magdalena Chojnacka, Łukasz Święcicki Affective Disorders Unit, Second Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology in Warsaw. Accessed on 3 Feb 2023 via: https://scholar.archive.org/work/weltz5hugrf7ncb6vixnu3ncly/access/wayback/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/84de/07ffae988b429f784faaafc32b293093ce51.pdf</ref><ref>'''ECT associated musical hallucinations in an elderly patient''': a case report. ''Ann Gen Psychiatry'' 5, 10 (2006). Janakiraman, R., Wildgoose, K. & Seelam, K. https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-859X-5-10</ref><ref>'''LSD-Like Flashbacks Associated with ECT'''. Convuls Ther. Russ MJ, Gold JM. . 1987;3(4):296-301. PMID: 11940932. Accessed on 4th July 2022 via: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11940932/</ref>.

=== Overview Effect ===

It has been documented that astronauts looking back at Earth from space with the naked eye often suddenly get an overwhelming responsibility to protect it. When they see only a fine blue line of atmosphere that shelters our only planet from the hostile vacuum of space, national borders disappear; and the scene often evokes a feeling of cosmic connection. This so-called “''overview effect''” has been turning astronauts into environmental advocates ever since the first person in space.

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=== Near Death Experience ===

A [[Near Death Experience|Near-death-experience]] (NDE) is an intense psychological experience characterised by an atypical state of consciousness typically ~~experience~~ during life-threatening conditions<ref>'''The phenomenology of near-death experiences.''' ''Am. J. Psychiatry'' 137, 1193–1196. Greyson, B., and Stevenson, I. (1980). Accessed on 24th September 2022 via https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7416264/</ref>. NDEs in general are typically characterised by [[Out of Body Experiences]] and [[hallucinations]]<ref>'''Near-Death Experiences are Hallucinations'''. Keith Augustine. In Keith Augustine & Michael Martin (eds.), The Myth of an Afterlife: The Case against Life After Death. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 529-569 (2015)</ref><ref>'''Three cases of near death experience''': Is it physiology, physics or philosophy? Purkayastha M, Mukherjee KK. Ann Neurosci. 2012 Jul;19(3):104-6. doi: 10.5214/ans.0972.7531.190303. PMID: 25205979; PMCID: PMC4117086.</ref> which are affected by set and setting much like psychedelics<ref>'''Comparison of psychedelic and near-death or other non-ordinary experiences in changing attitudes about death and dying'''. Mary M. Sweeney ,Sandeep Nayak,Ethan S. Hurwitz, Lisa N. Mitchell,T. Cody Swift,Roland R. Griffiths. Published: August 24, 2022. Accessed on 26th August 2022 via https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271926</ref>. The after-effects of NDEs have been widely documented and have been shown to be powerfully life-altering.

A [[Near Death Experience|Near-death-experience]] (NDE) is an intense psychological experience characterised by an atypical state of consciousness typically experienced during life-threatening conditions<ref>'''The phenomenology of near-death experiences.''' ''Am. J. Psychiatry'' 137, 1193–1196. Greyson, B., and Stevenson, I. (1980). Accessed on 24th September 2022 via https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7416264/</ref>. NDEs in general are typically characterised by [[Out of Body Experiences]] and [[hallucinations]]<ref>'''Near-Death Experiences are Hallucinations'''. Keith Augustine. In Keith Augustine & Michael Martin (eds.), The Myth of an Afterlife: The Case against Life After Death. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 529-569 (2015)</ref><ref>'''Three cases of near death experience''': Is it physiology, physics or philosophy? Purkayastha M, Mukherjee KK. Ann Neurosci. 2012 Jul;19(3):104-6. doi: 10.5214/ans.0972.7531.190303. PMID: 25205979; PMCID: PMC4117086.</ref> which are affected by set and setting much like psychedelics<ref>'''Comparison of psychedelic and near-death or other non-ordinary experiences in changing attitudes about death and dying'''. Mary M. Sweeney ,Sandeep Nayak,Ethan S. Hurwitz, Lisa N. Mitchell,T. Cody Swift,Roland R. Griffiths. Published: August 24, 2022. Accessed on 26th August 2022 via https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271926</ref>. The after-effects of NDEs have been widely documented and have been shown to be powerfully life-altering.

===Stroboscopics===

[[Stroboscopics]] is a technique that flashes a bright light into the eyes of patients that in turn induces visual [[hallucinations]]. The process works as the speed at which the light is flashing is the same speed as the transmission rate of the optical nerve, this causes a temporary interference pattern which disorientates optical transmission to the brain leading to visual [[hallucinations]] similar to effects induced by psychedelic substances<ref>'''Altered states phenomena induced by visual flicker light stimulation'''. Marie Therese Bartossek, Johanna Kemmerer, Timo Torsten Schmidt. Published: July 1, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253779</ref>.

@@ Line 13: / Line 13: @@
 ===Electroconvulsive Therapy===
-[[Electroconvulsive Therapy|Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)]] is a technique used in modern medicine to help cure treatment-resistant depression (TRD) patients. Research has shown that 64% to 87% of patients with severe TRD respond to ECT, with response rates as high as 95% for patients that have accompanying psychotic features<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4193538/</ref>. There is some evidence to suggest that ECT causes similar long and short term effects to [[psychedelics]] in some in vivo case studies<ref>'''Psychotic symptoms as a complication of electroconvulsive therapy – a case report'''. Anna Antosik-Wójcińska, Magdalena Chojnacka, Łukasz Święcicki Affective Disorders Unit, Second Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology in Warsaw. Accessed on 3 Feb 2023 via: https://scholar.archive.org/work/weltz5hugrf7ncb6vixnu3ncly/access/wayback/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/84de/07ffae988b429f784faaafc32b293093ce51.pdf</ref><ref>'''ECT associated musical hallucinations in an elderly patient''': a case report. ''Ann Gen Psychiatry'' 5, 10 (2006). Janakiraman, R., Wildgoose, K. & Seelam, K.  https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-859X-5-10</ref><ref>'''LSD-Like Flashbacks Associated with ECT'''. Convuls Ther. Russ MJ, Gold JM. . 1987;3(4):296-301. PMID: 11940932. Accessed on 4th July 2022 via: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11940932/</ref>.
+[[Electroconvulsive Therapy|Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)]] is a technique used in modern medicine to help cure treatment-resistant depression (TRD) patients. Research has shown that 64% to 87% of patients with severe TRD respond to ECT, with response rates as high as 95% for patients that have accompanying psychotic features<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4193538/</ref>. There is some evidence to suggest that ECT causes similar long and short-term effects to [[psychedelics]] in some in vivo case studies<ref>'''Psychotic symptoms as a complication of electroconvulsive therapy – a case report'''. Anna Antosik-Wójcińska, Magdalena Chojnacka, Łukasz Święcicki Affective Disorders Unit, Second Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology in Warsaw. Accessed on 3 Feb 2023 via: https://scholar.archive.org/work/weltz5hugrf7ncb6vixnu3ncly/access/wayback/http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/84de/07ffae988b429f784faaafc32b293093ce51.pdf</ref><ref>'''ECT associated musical hallucinations in an elderly patient''': a case report. ''Ann Gen Psychiatry'' 5, 10 (2006). Janakiraman, R., Wildgoose, K. & Seelam, K.  https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-859X-5-10</ref><ref>'''LSD-Like Flashbacks Associated with ECT'''. Convuls Ther. Russ MJ, Gold JM. . 1987;3(4):296-301. PMID: 11940932. Accessed on 4th July 2022 via: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11940932/</ref>.
 === Overview Effect ===
 It has been documented that astronauts looking back at Earth from space with the naked eye often suddenly get an overwhelming responsibility to protect it. When they see only a fine blue line of atmosphere that shelters our only planet from the hostile vacuum of space, national borders disappear; and the scene often evokes a feeling of cosmic connection. This so-called “''overview effect''” has been turning astronauts into environmental advocates ever since the first person in space.
@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 === Near Death Experience ===
-A [[Near Death Experience|Near-death-experience]] (NDE) is an intense psychological experience characterised by an atypical state of consciousness typically experience during life-threatening conditions<ref>'''The phenomenology of near-death experiences.''' ''Am. J. Psychiatry'' 137, 1193–1196. Greyson, B., and Stevenson, I. (1980). Accessed on 24th September 2022 via https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7416264/</ref>. NDEs in general are typically characterised by [[Out of Body Experiences]] and [[hallucinations]]<ref>'''Near-Death Experiences are Hallucinations'''. Keith Augustine. In Keith Augustine & Michael Martin (eds.), The Myth of an Afterlife: The Case against Life After Death. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 529-569 (2015)</ref><ref>'''Three cases of near death experience''': Is it physiology, physics or philosophy? Purkayastha M, Mukherjee KK.  Ann Neurosci. 2012 Jul;19(3):104-6. doi: 10.5214/ans.0972.7531.190303. PMID: 25205979; PMCID: PMC4117086.</ref> which are affected by set and setting much like psychedelics<ref>'''Comparison of psychedelic and near-death or other non-ordinary experiences in changing attitudes about death and dying'''. Mary M. Sweeney ,Sandeep Nayak,Ethan S. Hurwitz, Lisa N. Mitchell,T. Cody Swift,Roland R. Griffiths. Published: August 24, 2022. Accessed on 26th August 2022 via https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271926</ref>. The after-effects of NDEs have been widely documented and have been shown to be powerfully life-altering.
+A [[Near Death Experience|Near-death-experience]] (NDE) is an intense psychological experience characterised by an atypical state of consciousness typically experienced during life-threatening conditions<ref>'''The phenomenology of near-death experiences.''' ''Am. J. Psychiatry'' 137, 1193–1196. Greyson, B., and Stevenson, I. (1980). Accessed on 24th September 2022 via https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7416264/</ref>. NDEs in general are typically characterised by [[Out of Body Experiences]] and [[hallucinations]]<ref>'''Near-Death Experiences are Hallucinations'''. Keith Augustine. In Keith Augustine & Michael Martin (eds.), The Myth of an Afterlife: The Case against Life After Death. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 529-569 (2015)</ref><ref>'''Three cases of near death experience''': Is it physiology, physics or philosophy? Purkayastha M, Mukherjee KK.  Ann Neurosci. 2012 Jul;19(3):104-6. doi: 10.5214/ans.0972.7531.190303. PMID: 25205979; PMCID: PMC4117086.</ref> which are affected by set and setting much like psychedelics<ref>'''Comparison of psychedelic and near-death or other non-ordinary experiences in changing attitudes about death and dying'''. Mary M. Sweeney ,Sandeep Nayak,Ethan S. Hurwitz, Lisa N. Mitchell,T. Cody Swift,Roland R. Griffiths. Published: August 24, 2022. Accessed on 26th August 2022 via https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0271926</ref>. The after-effects of NDEs have been widely documented and have been shown to be powerfully life-altering.
 ===Stroboscopics===
 [[Stroboscopics]] is a technique that flashes a bright light into the eyes of patients that in turn induces visual [[hallucinations]]. The process works as the speed at which the light is flashing is the same speed as the transmission rate of the optical nerve, this causes a temporary interference pattern which disorientates optical transmission to the brain leading to visual [[hallucinations]] similar to effects induced by psychedelic substances<ref>'''Altered states phenomena induced by visual flicker light stimulation'''. Marie Therese Bartossek, Johanna Kemmerer, Timo Torsten Schmidt. Published: July 1, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253779</ref>.

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