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==== Neurophysiology ==== | ==== Neurophysiology ==== | ||
The change in neural activity coupled with the release of the neurochmicals / neuromodulators above cause a reduction in communication between the medial temporal lobe and the medial prefrontal cortex, which play roles in emotional control. Collectively, these effects work contrary to the patterns observed in individuals experiencing anxiety.<ref>'''3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) impairs the extinction and reconsolidation of fear memory in rats.''' Hake, H. S. et al. ''Physiol. Behav.'' 199, 343–350 (2019). http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=3%2C4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine%20%28MDMA%29%20impairs%20the%20extinction%20and%20reconsolidation%20of%20fear%20memory%20in%20rats&journal=Physiol.%20Behav.&doi=10.1016%2Fj.physbeh.2018.12.007&volume=199&pages=343-350&publication_year=2019&author=Hake%2CHS</ref><ref>'''Oxytocin-dependent reopening of a social reward learning critical period with MDMA.''' Nardou, R. et al. ''Nature'' 569, 116–120 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1075-9</ref> | The change in neural activity coupled with the release of the neurochmicals / neuromodulators above cause a reduction in communication between the medial temporal lobe and the medial prefrontal cortex, which play roles in emotional control. Collectively, these effects work contrary to the patterns observed in individuals experiencing anxiety.<ref>'''3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) impairs the extinction and reconsolidation of fear memory in rats.''' Hake, H. S. et al. ''Physiol. Behav.'' 199, 343–350 (2019). http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=3%2C4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine%20%28MDMA%29%20impairs%20the%20extinction%20and%20reconsolidation%20of%20fear%20memory%20in%20rats&journal=Physiol.%20Behav.&doi=10.1016%2Fj.physbeh.2018.12.007&volume=199&pages=343-350&publication_year=2019&author=Hake%2CHS</ref><ref>'''Oxytocin-dependent reopening of a social reward learning critical period with MDMA.''' Nardou, R. et al. ''Nature'' 569, 116–120 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1075-9</ref> | ||
==== Toxicity ==== | |||
Overusage of MDMA can lead to neurotoxicity which is caused by an overload of dopamine. Co-administration of caffeine profoundly enhances the acute toxicity of MDMA in rats, as manifested by high core body temperature, tachycardia and increased mortality. In addition, co-administration of caffeine enhances the long-term serotonergic neurotoxicity induced by MDMA<ref>'''Caffeine provokes adverse interactions with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, 'ecstasy') and related psychostimulants: mechanisms and mediators.''' Vanattou-Saïfoudine N, McNamara R, Harkin A. Br J Pharmacol. 2012 Nov;167(5):946-59. doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02065.x. PMID: 22671762; PMCID: PMC3492978.</ref>. | |||
== Effects == | == Effects == | ||
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==== MDMA Comedown ==== | ==== MDMA Comedown ==== | ||
There is a wide amount of anecdotal evidence and some scientific evidence<ref>'''Safety pharmacology of acute MDMA administration in healthy subjects.''' J Psychopharmacol 31: 576–588. Vizeli P, Liechti ME. (2017) Accessed on 20 Nov 2023 via https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28443695/</ref><ref>'''Gender differences in the subjective effects of MDMA.''' Liechti ME, Gamma A, Vollenweider FX. (2001) Psychopharmacology 154: 161–168. Accessed on 20 Nov 2023: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11314678/</ref> to suggest that after using MDMA there is an emotional comedown reported colloquially as "''Blue Mondays''". However, a recent, low powered study found that there was little evidence for this<ref>'''Debunking the myth of 'Blue Mondays': No evidence of affect drop after taking clinical MDMA.''' J Psychopharmacol. 2022 Mar;36(3):360-367. doi: 10.1177/02698811211055809. Epub 2021 Dec 13. . Ben Sessa, Jacob S Aday, Steve O'Brien, H Valerie Curran, Fiona Measham, Laurie Higbed, David J Nutt. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34894842/</ref>. | There is a wide amount of anecdotal evidence and some scientific evidence<ref>'''Safety pharmacology of acute MDMA administration in healthy subjects.''' J Psychopharmacol 31: 576–588. Vizeli P, Liechti ME. (2017) Accessed on 20 Nov 2023 via https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28443695/</ref><ref>'''Gender differences in the subjective effects of MDMA.''' Liechti ME, Gamma A, Vollenweider FX. (2001) Psychopharmacology 154: 161–168. Accessed on 20 Nov 2023: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11314678/</ref> to suggest that after using MDMA there is an emotional comedown reported colloquially as "''Blue Mondays''". However, a recent, low powered study found that there was little evidence for this<ref>'''Debunking the myth of 'Blue Mondays': No evidence of affect drop after taking clinical MDMA.''' J Psychopharmacol. 2022 Mar;36(3):360-367. doi: 10.1177/02698811211055809. Epub 2021 Dec 13. . Ben Sessa, Jacob S Aday, Steve O'Brien, H Valerie Curran, Fiona Measham, Laurie Higbed, David J Nutt. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34894842/</ref>. | ||
'''References''' | '''References''' | ||