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Logical fallacies: Difference between revisions

Logical fallacies: Difference between revisions

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'''A logical fallacy is an argument that may sound convincing or true but is actually flawed.'''  
'''A logical fallacy is an argument that may sound convincing or true but is actually logically flawed.''' While they may seem convincing at first, logical fallacies often fall apart under scrutiny. Logical fallacies have long been used in debates to weaken an opponent's argument by pointing out its flaws and are useful in self analysis as the mind often uses erroneous arguments on oneself. The most common to look out for include:
<div class="res-img">[[File:Most Common logical fallacies.png|alt=logical fallacies|center|logical fallacy]]</div>
 


=== [[Critical analysis|Critical Analysis]] Orientated ===
The deepest sin against the human mind is to believe things without evidence.
* [[Anecdotal Evidence Fallacy|'''Anecdotal Evidence''']] - easily found data is less trustworthy than robust data.
* [[Anecdotal Evidence Fallacy|'''Anecdotal Evidence''']] - easily found data is less trustworthy than robust data.
* '''Bandwagon''' - the popularity of an idea has absolutely no bearing on its validity.
* '''[[Bandwagon Effect|Bandwagon]]''' - the popularity of an idea has absolutely no bearing on its validity.
* '''Appeal to Authority''' - an authority thinks something, it must therefore be true.  
* '''[[Authority Bias|Appeal to Authority]]''' - an authority thinks something, it must therefore be true.  
 
=== Other Fallacies ===
* [[The Arrival Fallacy|'''Arrival''']] - people tend to fixate on the destination not the journey.
* [[The Arrival Fallacy|'''Arrival''']] - people tend to fixate on the destination not the journey.
* '''Straw Man''' - misrepresentation of someone's argument to make it easier to attack.
* '''Straw Man''' - misrepresentation of someone's argument to make it easier to attack.
* '''Lesser known fallacies:''' False Dilemma, Hasty Generalization, Slothful Induction, Correlation/Causation, Texas Sharpshooter Fallacy, Middle Ground Fallacy, Burden of Proof Fallacy, Personal Incredulity, "No True Scotsman", Ad Hominem Fallacy and Tu Quoque.
* '''Lesser known fallacies:''' False Dilemma, Hasty Generalization, Slothful Induction, Correlation/Causation, Texas Sharpshooter Fallacy, Middle Ground Fallacy, Burden of Proof Fallacy, Personal Incredulity, "No True Scotsman", Ad Hominem Fallacy and Tu Quoque.
[[File:Prejudice.png|alt=Prejudice|thumb|'''Figure 1'''. Prejudice is a more effective means to sway the public than logic.]]
[[File:Prejudice.png|alt=Prejudice|thumb|'''Figure 1'''. Prejudice is a more effective means to sway the public than logic.]]
The majority of these fallacies are used by [[Demagogue|demagogues]] and the marketing industry to persuade people to do things. Some of these are not in the consumer's best interests such as perpetuating the [[ecological crisis]].
<hr>
 
== Logical Fallacies and the Ecological Crisis ==
Many of the classical logical fallacies listed above are encountered daily by people who do not want to rationalise and confront the reality of the ecological crisis. The most common examples of this include:
 
=== '''"We will innovate out of the crisis."''' ===
This is called the ''ecomodernist argument'' or ''technoutopian fallacy'', it has been around for centuries. Think about it this way... Imagine you decided to start smoking, a pack a day, maybe two. I might say but that's bad! It will kill you! then you *shrug* and say medicine will find a cure, just as it always has.
 
=== '''“It's too late, I won’t make a difference.”''' ===
This is termed the ''singularity argument''. A counterargument to which is: ''What’s the alternative?'' Sitting on the sidelines, while others right this collective wrong? That’s not fair on us. The "don't bother keep consuming" narrative is a contagious and profitable message that continually tries to demoralize and demotivate any and all momentum and benefits a very select few.
 
=== '''“It’s the government’s problem.”''' ===
Climate change is a catastrophic failure by governments. But we are voters, and governments act on our behalf. Many of us are drivers, flyers, and meat-eaters. Morally speaking, we can share responsibility for harms we are part of or those we fail to prevent between us. I’m not saying you (or I) should feel guilty about this unfolding global disaster, but we should feel ashamed. We should act.
 
=== '''"Capitalism has brought a massive increase in the standard of living for all, how can you argue against it?"''' ===
There is no doubt that capitalism has brought incredible stuff but it has brought us thus far. We now know that infinite growth in a closed system won't work. We need to see this in the context of the [[Sunk Cost Fallacy|sunk cost fallacy]].
 
=== '''“It’s too expensive!”''' ===
This is the so-called ''economic argument'' against mitigating climate change: that it’s cheaper to adjust to a hotter planet. Even if this were factually unassailable (spoiler alert: it’s not), it would be morally flawed. It relies on what philosophers call utilitarianism – the view that we should maximise overall welfare (often, in practice, overall money) even if some people suffer desperately along the way. That’s in direct contradiction to the most basic intuition of common sense morality. It disregards human rights.
 
Even if we swallowed this pill, it takes another questionable assumption to make the anti-mitigation sums add up. These economic arguments, says the philosopher Simon Caney, assume that future people’s pain, even their deaths, count for less in the cost-benefit calculations if these are further in the future. That isn’t standard economic discounting; it’s discounting the lives of our descendants.
 
=== '''“I’m already vegan and don’t fly.”''' ===
This one is the flipside to “it’s all the government’s fault”: putting it all on individuals. That’s inefficient, unfair, and doesn’t work anyway. Going car-free is harder without a good public transport system; leaving mitigation to individuals means putting all the burden on those who happen to make the effort. And individual carbon-cutting, although important, isn’t enough. It won’t avert this catastrophe without governments on board or fossil fuel giants being held accountable. Faced with institutional failure, we shouldn’t feel powerless, but we should all be climate activists, using our own actions to bring about change from above.
 
=== '''“Lying in front of lorries isn’t my thing.”''' ===
So don’t do that! But perhaps look past the [[framing]] that makes you uncomfortable and ask yourself why anyone would feel desperate enough to glue themselves to a road. It’s not because they enjoy it. Then ask what it is that you will do. Write to your MP? Wave banners outside parliament? Demand that your bank or pension fund divest from fossil fuels? Donate to climate justice NGOs? [[Help|Help us on BurnZero?]]. Do what you’re good at, as part of a bigger picture.
 
=== '''“I’ve got enough to do already!”''' ===
Climate justice isn’t some esoteric goal. It’s about living in a way that doesn’t kill people: doesn’t drown them, burn their homes or give them malaria. So how much money or time or emotional effort should each of us put in for this basic collective morality? I don’t have a final answer because the ethical debate is continuing. But I have an answer that will do for now, for those living comfortably in rich countries. However much we should do to avert this tragedy, it’s more than most of us do now.
 
=== "China is responsible for this mess, not us!" ===
This one is so crazy we have given it its own [[China is responsible for the issues not us.|page]].<hr>


'''Further reading'''
'''Further reading'''

Latest revision as of 05:29, 27 October 2023

A logical fallacy is an argument that may sound convincing or true but is actually logically flawed. While they may seem convincing at first, logical fallacies often fall apart under scrutiny. Logical fallacies have long been used in debates to weaken an opponent's argument by pointing out its flaws and are useful in self analysis as the mind often uses erroneous arguments on oneself. The most common to look out for include:

logical fallacies


  • Anecdotal Evidence - easily found data is less trustworthy than robust data.
  • Bandwagon - the popularity of an idea has absolutely no bearing on its validity.
  • Appeal to Authority - an authority thinks something, it must therefore be true.
  • Arrival - people tend to fixate on the destination not the journey.
  • Straw Man - misrepresentation of someone's argument to make it easier to attack.
  • Lesser known fallacies: False Dilemma, Hasty Generalization, Slothful Induction, Correlation/Causation, Texas Sharpshooter Fallacy, Middle Ground Fallacy, Burden of Proof Fallacy, Personal Incredulity, "No True Scotsman", Ad Hominem Fallacy and Tu Quoque.
Prejudice
Figure 1. Prejudice is a more effective means to sway the public than logic.

Further reading

  • Propaganda: by Edward Bernays (1928). ISBN: 978-0970312594
  • The Chimp Paradox: Peters, P. S. (2012). Vermilion. ISBN: 978-0091935580
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