Ketamine: Difference between revisions
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'''Ketamine has | '''Ketamine is a dissociative medicine which has similar long term effects as [[psychedelics]].''' Ketamine is renowned for inducing a ‘''dissociated state''’ which is when the brain becomes transiently disconnected from the environment while maintaining vivid, internally generated experiences. Ketamine has recently garnered prominence as a fast-acting therapeutic agent used in the treatment of [[depression]]<ref>Zhang K, Hashimoto K. An update on ketamine and its two enantiomers as rapid-acting antidepressants. Expert Rev Neurother. 2019 Jan;19(1):83-92. doi: 10.1080/14737175.2019.1554434. Epub 2018 Dec 4. PMID: 30513009.</ref>. | ||
== Effects == | |||
Ketamine is a noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and glutamate receptor antagonist and has been shown to cause: | |||
Like any drug, overuse is linked to negative effects. It has been found that chronic, uncontrolled use may lead to ketamine-induced ulcerative cystitis and neurocognitive impairment which can impact negatively upon achievement in education and at work, and also compound addiction problems.<ref>Morgan CJ, Curran HV; Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs. Ketamine use: a review. Addiction. 2012 Jan;107(1):27-38. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03576.x. Epub 2011 Jul 22. PMID: 21777321.</ref> | * Dissociation with some patients reporting [[Out of Body Experiences]] | ||
* Effects similar to those experienced during [[Near Death Experience|Near Death Experiences]]. | |||
* Neurocognitive changes and [[hallucinations]] similar to the effects of [[stroboscopics]]. | |||
These effects are thought to occur due to flipping of a “''switch''” in patient's brains which shuts off neurons that had been firing in the awake state while activating a separate group of previously dormant neurons. | |||
=== History of Use === | |||
'''Ketamine has been used as a general anaesthetic for more than 60 years'''. Phencyclidine, also known as PCP, was produced in the 1950s by researchers looking to improve anaesthetic medications. Despite the fact that PCP did a good job of keeping most patients unconscious throughout surgery, some did experience what the authors of a 1959 experiment called "delirium and [[hallucinations]] which, although normally of a highly gratifying nature, are sometimes rather alarming to the patients." This so-called dissociative state, in which the brain experiences things that are not grounded in reality, can continue up to 12 hours. | |||
In order to create a substance with a shorter duration of action, scientists created ketamine, a substance that shares structural similarities with PCP. According to Joe Cichon, a neuroscientist and anesthesiologist at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, ketamine is still a widely used anaesthetic today. People stay conscious while taking lesser doses than would be required for anaesthesia, but for a much shorter period of time and in a similar dissociated state to PCP. Researchers discovered in the 2000s that these lower, so-called subhypnotic ketamine doses have an antidepressant effect that can endure for several weeks, well after the body has metabolised the drug, according to Cichon. We still don't fully understand how it exerts all these varied effects 60 years after it became available for human usage. | |||
=== Abuse === | |||
Like any drug, overuse is linked to negative effects. It has been found that chronic, uncontrolled use may lead to ketamine-induced ulcerative cystitis and neurocognitive impairment which can impact negatively upon achievement in education and at work, and also compound [[addiction]] problems.<ref>Morgan CJ, Curran HV; Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs. Ketamine use: a review. Addiction. 2012 Jan;107(1):27-38. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03576.x. Epub 2011 Jul 22. PMID: 21777321.</ref> | |||
'''References''' | |||
Latest revision as of 05:14, 10 May 2023
Ketamine is a dissociative medicine which has similar long term effects as psychedelics. Ketamine is renowned for inducing a ‘dissociated state’ which is when the brain becomes transiently disconnected from the environment while maintaining vivid, internally generated experiences. Ketamine has recently garnered prominence as a fast-acting therapeutic agent used in the treatment of depression[1].
Effects
Ketamine is a noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and glutamate receptor antagonist and has been shown to cause:
- Dissociation with some patients reporting Out of Body Experiences
- Effects similar to those experienced during Near Death Experiences.
- Neurocognitive changes and hallucinations similar to the effects of stroboscopics.
These effects are thought to occur due to flipping of a “switch” in patient's brains which shuts off neurons that had been firing in the awake state while activating a separate group of previously dormant neurons.
History of Use
Ketamine has been used as a general anaesthetic for more than 60 years. Phencyclidine, also known as PCP, was produced in the 1950s by researchers looking to improve anaesthetic medications. Despite the fact that PCP did a good job of keeping most patients unconscious throughout surgery, some did experience what the authors of a 1959 experiment called "delirium and hallucinations which, although normally of a highly gratifying nature, are sometimes rather alarming to the patients." This so-called dissociative state, in which the brain experiences things that are not grounded in reality, can continue up to 12 hours.
In order to create a substance with a shorter duration of action, scientists created ketamine, a substance that shares structural similarities with PCP. According to Joe Cichon, a neuroscientist and anesthesiologist at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, ketamine is still a widely used anaesthetic today. People stay conscious while taking lesser doses than would be required for anaesthesia, but for a much shorter period of time and in a similar dissociated state to PCP. Researchers discovered in the 2000s that these lower, so-called subhypnotic ketamine doses have an antidepressant effect that can endure for several weeks, well after the body has metabolised the drug, according to Cichon. We still don't fully understand how it exerts all these varied effects 60 years after it became available for human usage.
Abuse
Like any drug, overuse is linked to negative effects. It has been found that chronic, uncontrolled use may lead to ketamine-induced ulcerative cystitis and neurocognitive impairment which can impact negatively upon achievement in education and at work, and also compound addiction problems.[2]
References
- ↑ Zhang K, Hashimoto K. An update on ketamine and its two enantiomers as rapid-acting antidepressants. Expert Rev Neurother. 2019 Jan;19(1):83-92. doi: 10.1080/14737175.2019.1554434. Epub 2018 Dec 4. PMID: 30513009.
- ↑ Morgan CJ, Curran HV; Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs. Ketamine use: a review. Addiction. 2012 Jan;107(1):27-38. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03576.x. Epub 2011 Jul 22. PMID: 21777321.