Psychedelics: Difference between revisions

<seo title="Psychedelic Medicine" metakeywords="psychedelic drugs list, psychedelic drugs for depression, psychedelic drugs australia, psychedelic drugs literature, psychedelic plant medicine, psychedelic drug used to treat ptsd, psychedelic drug used for depression" metadescription="What is psychedelic medicine?"/>

[[File:Psychedelic effect.jpg|alt=This figure is from a 2014 study in the Journal of the Royal Society Interface. The image on the left is of a human brain on a placebo, and the image on the right is of a brain on psilocybin.|thumb|'''Figure 1'''. A 2014 study in the ''Journal of the Royal Society Interface''. The image on the left is of a human brain on a placebo, and the image on the right is of a brain on a psychedelic.]]

== History ==

Compared to the majority of other medications, the dangers linked with psychedelic use are considerably lower (See '''Figure 3'''). Research indicates that certain personality traits  such as neuroticism will negatively influence  long term outcomes<ref>'''Quality of Acute Psychedelic Experience Predicts Therapeutic Efficacy of Psilocybin for Treatment-Resistant Depression'''. Roseman L, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL. Front Pharmacol. 2018 Jan 17;8:974. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00974. PMID: 29387009; PMCID: PMC5776504.</ref>, whereas traits like a willingness to surrender can have a positive impact<ref>'''Predicting Responses to Psychedelics''': A Prospective Study. Front. Pharmacol., 02 November 2018

* '''[[Depression]]''' - multiple meta-analyses results suggest that psychedelic-assisted therapy reduces [[MADRS]] with minimal [[Adverse Psychedelic Effects|adverse effects]]<ref>'''Classic serotonergic psychedelics for mood and depressive symptoms: a meta-analysis of mood disorder patients and healthy participants'''. Nicole L. Galvão-Coelho, Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2021; 238(2): 341–354. Published online 2021 Jan 11. doi: 10.1007/s00213-020-05719-1. Accessed on 16th September 2022 via https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7826317/pdf/213_2020_Article_5719.pdf</ref><ref>'''''A Meta-Analysis of Placebo-Controlled Trials of Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy'''. Luoma, J. B., Chwyl, C., Bathje, G. J., Davis, A. K., & Lancelotta, R. (2020).  Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 1–11.'' doi:10.1080/02791072.2020.1769878. Accessed on 16th September 2022 via: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32529966/ </ref>, relative to a comparable meta analysis of the effects of 21 traditional antidepressant drugs<ref>'''Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressant drugs for the acute treatment of adults with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.''' Andrea Cipriani, MD. Published in the Lancet. February 21, 2018 DOI:<nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32802-7</nowiki></ref>.

* '''Alcoholism''' - the founder of AA cured his alcoholism using LSD<ref>'''A Radical New Approach to Beating Addiction'''. Psychology Today. Retrieved February 24, 2019, also Francis Hartigan Bill Wilson p. 177-179.</ref>.

* '''Tobacco Use''' - small study has shown an 80% cessation rate after 6 months which compare to the industry standard of 35%<ref>'''An online survey of tobacco smoking cessation associated with naturalistic psychedelic use.''' Journal of Psychopharmacology, ''31(7), 841–850.'' Johnson, M. W., Garcia-Romeu, A., Johnson, P. S., & Griffiths, R. R. (2017).  doi:10.1177/0269881116684335. Accessed on 14th February 2023 via: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28095732/</ref>.

* '''Hyper-Consumerism''' - several peer-reviewed studies have shown that psychedelics also work as ''[[ecodelics]]'', medicines which can induce ecological concern<ref>'''Catalysts for Transformation: A systematic literature review exploring the interlinkages and potential role of classic psychedelics to social-ecological sustainability.''' Marion Nilsson, Lund University Centre for Sustainability Studies. Accessed on 30 January 2023 via: https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?fileOId=9031166&func=downloadFile&recordOId=9031164</ref><ref>'''Accidental Environmentalism: Nature and Cultivated Affect in European Neoshamanic Ayahuasca Consumption'''. Arne Harms University of Leipzig. Accessed on 30 Jan 2023 via https://www.proquest.com/openview/e872aeede38122f158ef3d84fbc39c38/1?cbl=18750</ref><ref>'''Acute, subacute and long-term subjective effects of psilocybin in healthy humans: a pooled analysis of experimental studies'''. Studerus E, Kometer M, Hasler F, Vollenweider FX.  J Psychopharmacol. 2011 Nov;25(11):1434-52. doi: 10.1177/0269881110382466. Epub 2010 Sep 20. PMID: 20855349. Accessed on 12 December 2022 via: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20855349/</ref><ref>'''Connectedness to Nature and to Humanity: their association and personality correlates'''. Front. Psychol., 21 July 2015. Sec. Personality and Social Psychology. Kibeom Lee, Michael C. Ashton, Julie Choi and Kayla Zachariassen. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01003. Accessed on 3rd October 2022 via https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01003/full</ref><ref>'''Increased nature relatedness and decreased authoritarian political views after psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression'''. Journal of Psychopharmacology. Taylor Lyons, Robin L Carhart-Harris. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881117748902. Accessed on 3rd October 2022 via https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0269881117748902</ref><ref>'''Psychedelics, Personality and Political Perspectives'''. Matthew M Nour 1, Lisa Evans 2, Robin L Carhart-Harris DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2017.1312643. 2017 Jul-Aug;49(3):182-191. doi: 10.1080/02791072.2017.1312643. Epub 2017 Apr 26. Accessed on 3rd October 2022 via https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28443703/</ref><ref name=":1">'''''Manifesting Minds: A Review of Psychedelics in Science, Medicine, Sex, and Spirituality'''''. Doblin, Rick; Brad Burge (2014)  North Atlantic Books. <nowiki>ISBN 1583947272</nowiki>.</ref><ref name=":2">'''Lifetime experience with (classic) psychedelics predicts pro-environmental behavior through an increase in nature relatedness'''. Matthias Forstmann and Christina Sagioglou Journal of Psychopharmacology 2017.  DOI: 10.1177/0269881117714049. Accessed on 30th September 2022 via: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28631526/</ref><ref name=":3">'''From Egoism to Ecoism: Psychedelics Increase Nature Relatedness in a State-Mediated and Context-Dependent Manner'''. Hannes Kettner, Sam Gandy, Eline C. H. M. Haijen and Robin L. Carhart-Harris Centre for Psychedelic Research, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. Published: December 2019 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16245147. Accessed on 30th September 2022 via: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31888300/

</ref>.

There are a category of patients that have specific conditions or are taking specific medicines that should be [[Psychedelic Therapy Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria|excluded from psychedelic therapy]]. In general these patients have the following characteristics:

* Presence of high degrees of '''[[Psychedelic Anxiety Syndrome|Psychedelic Anxiety Syndrome;]]'''

* Presence or history of '''psychosis''';