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 <seo title="Psychedelic Medicine" metakeywords="psychedelic drugs list, psychedelic drugs for depression, psychedelic drugs australia, psychedelic drugs literature, psychedelic plant medicine, psychedelic drug used to treat ptsd, psychedelic drug used for depression" metadescription="What is psychedelic medicine?"/>
 [[File:Psychedelic effect.jpg|alt=This figure is from a 2014 study in the Journal of the Royal Society Interface. The image on the left is of a human brain on a placebo, and the image on the right is of a brain on psilocybin.|thumb|'''Figure 1'''. A 2014 study in the ''Journal of the Royal Society Interface''. The image on the left is of a human brain on a placebo, and the image on the right is of a brain on a psychedelic.]]
-'''Psychedelics are [[Drugs|medicinal compounds]] that induce [[Pivotal Mental States]]. Given the correct [[priming]] (set), [[setting]] and subsequent [[integration]] they can have potent [[psychoplastogen]] effects on the mind.''' In some countries, psychedelics are classified as illegal, however, since the 2000's this taboo has been rapidly lifting, leading to decriminalisation, greater [[Psychedelic Prevalence|domestic use]] and increased [[Medical Tourism|medical tourism]].
+'''Psychedelics are medicines that induce [[Pivotal Mental States]]. Given the correct [[priming]] (set), [[setting]] and subsequent [[integration]] they can have potent [[psychoplastogen]] effects on the mind.''' During the [[Psychedelic Experience|psychedelic experience,]] as shown in the illustrated brain scan to the right ('''Figure 1''') parts of the brain which do not usually communicate with one another start talking, opening subconscious inputs to the conscious mind. The experience is thought to open a [[Neuroplasticity|neuroplastic]] window augmenting learning and cognitive and psychological flexibility<ref>'''A role for the serotonin 2A receptor in the expansion and functioning of human transmodal cortex'''. Andrea I Luppi, Manesh Girn, Fernando E Rosas, Christopher Timmermann, Leor Roseman, David Erritzoe, David J Nutt, Emmanuel A Stamatakis, R Nathan Spreng, Lei Xing. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awad311. Published: 13 September 2023</ref>. Clinically this can be seen as introducing [[Psychological Entropy|entropy]] into ruminating thought patterns thought to be the basis of [[Mental Illness|mental illnesses]] such as bipolarity<ref>'''Risks and benefits of psilocybin use in people with bipolar disorder: An international web-based survey on experiences of ‘magic mushroom’ consumption'''. Emma Morton, Kimberly Sakai, and Josh Woolley. Volume 37, Issue . <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811221131997</nowiki>. Accessed 23 Jan 2023 via https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/02698811221131997</ref>, [[depression]] and anxiety.
-During the [[Psychedelic Experience|psychedelic experience,]] as shown in the illustrated brain scan to the right ('''Figure 1''') parts of the brain which do not usually communicate with one another start talking, opening subconscious inputs to the conscious mind. The experience is thought to open a [[Neuroplasticity|neuroplastic]] window giving users an opportunity to correct ruminating thought patterns thought to be the basis of [[Mental Illness|mental illnesses]] such as bipolarity<ref>'''Risks and benefits of psilocybin use in people with bipolar disorder: An international web-based survey on experiences of ‘magic mushroom’ consumption'''. Emma Morton, Kimberly Sakai, and Josh Woolley. Volume 37, Issue . <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1177/02698811221131997</nowiki>. Accessed 23 Jan 2023 via https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/02698811221131997</ref>, [[depression]], anxiety.
 == History ==
@@ Line 71: / Line 69: @@
 == Long Term Effects ==
 [[File:Psychedelics relative harm.jpg|alt=Economist relative harm|thumb|'''Figure 3'''. Relative harm of drugs<ref>'''Drug harms in the UK''': a multicriteria decision analysis Prof David J Nutt, FMedSci, Leslie A King, PhD, Lawrence D Phillips, PhD on behalf of the Independent Scientific Committee on Drugs Published:November 01, 2010. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6</ref>.]]
-Like all medicines, psychedelics are not without potential harm. However, relative to almost all other drugs (See '''Figure 3''') the risk associated with their use is minimal. In a clinical sense, under specific [[priming]], [[setting]] and [[integration]] there is abundant evidence for the safety and efficacy for their use in the treatment of conditions such as:
+Compared to the majority of other medications, the dangers linked with psychedelic use are considerably lower (See '''Figure 3'''). Research indicates that certain personality traits  such as neuroticism will negatively influence  long term outcomes<ref>'''Quality of Acute Psychedelic Experience Predicts Therapeutic Efficacy of Psilocybin for Treatment-Resistant Depression'''. Roseman L, Nutt DJ, Carhart-Harris RL. Front Pharmacol. 2018 Jan 17;8:974. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00974. PMID: 29387009; PMCID: PMC5776504.</ref>, whereas traits like a willingness to surrender can have a positive impact<ref>'''Predicting Responses to Psychedelics''': A Prospective Study. Front. Pharmacol., 02 November 2018
+Sec. Neuropharmacology. Volume 9 - 2018 | [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2018.00897/full https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00897]</ref>. Clinically, provided that appropriate [[priming]], [[setting]] and [[integration]] are in place, there is substantial evidence supporting the safe and effective use of psychedelics in treating various conditions:
 * '''[[Depression]]''' - multiple meta-analyses results suggest that psychedelic-assisted therapy reduces [[MADRS]] with minimal [[Adverse Psychedelic Effects|adverse effects]]<ref>'''Classic serotonergic psychedelics for mood and depressive symptoms: a meta-analysis of mood disorder patients and healthy participants'''. Nicole L. Galvão-Coelho, Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2021; 238(2): 341–354. Published online 2021 Jan 11. doi: 10.1007/s00213-020-05719-1. Accessed on 16th September 2022 via https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7826317/pdf/213_2020_Article_5719.pdf</ref><ref>'''''A Meta-Analysis of Placebo-Controlled Trials of Psychedelic-Assisted Therapy'''. Luoma, J. B., Chwyl, C., Bathje, G. J., Davis, A. K., & Lancelotta, R. (2020).  Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 1–11.'' doi:10.1080/02791072.2020.1769878. Accessed on 16th September 2022 via: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32529966/ </ref>, relative to a comparable meta analysis of the effects of 21 traditional antidepressant drugs<ref>'''Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 21 antidepressant drugs for the acute treatment of adults with major depressive disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.''' Andrea Cipriani, MD. Published in the Lancet. February 21, 2018 DOI:<nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32802-7</nowiki></ref>.
@@ Line 78: / Line 78: @@
 * '''Alcoholism''' - the founder of AA cured his alcoholism using LSD<ref>'''A Radical New Approach to Beating Addiction'''. Psychology Today. Retrieved February 24, 2019, also Francis Hartigan Bill Wilson p. 177-179.</ref>.
 * '''Tobacco Use''' - small study has shown an 80% cessation rate after 6 months which compare to the industry standard of 35%<ref>'''An online survey of tobacco smoking cessation associated with naturalistic psychedelic use.''' Journal of Psychopharmacology, ''31(7), 841–850.'' Johnson, M. W., Garcia-Romeu, A., Johnson, P. S., & Griffiths, R. R. (2017).  doi:10.1177/0269881116684335. Accessed on 14th February 2023 via: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28095732/</ref>.
+* '''Alzheimer's Protection''' - a small study has found that [[DMT]] can prevent Alzheimer's in rat studies<ref>'''N, N-Dimethyltryptamine, a natural hallucinogen, ameliorates Alzheimer’s disease by restoring neuronal Sigma-1 receptor-mediated endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria crosstalk.''' Dan Cheng, Zhuo-Gui Lei, Kin Chu, Oi Jin Honey Lam, Chun Yuan Chiang & Zhang-Jin Zhang Alzheimer's Research & Therapy volume 16, Article number: 95 (2024)https://alzres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13195-024-01462-3#abbreviations</ref>.
 * '''Hyper-Consumerism''' - several peer-reviewed studies have shown that psychedelics also work as ''[[ecodelics]]'', medicines which can induce ecological concern<ref>'''Catalysts for Transformation: A systematic literature review exploring the interlinkages and potential role of classic psychedelics to social-ecological sustainability.''' Marion Nilsson, Lund University Centre for Sustainability Studies. Accessed on 30 January 2023 via: https://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?fileOId=9031166&func=downloadFile&recordOId=9031164</ref><ref>'''Accidental Environmentalism: Nature and Cultivated Affect in European Neoshamanic Ayahuasca Consumption'''. Arne Harms University of Leipzig. Accessed on 30 Jan 2023 via https://www.proquest.com/openview/e872aeede38122f158ef3d84fbc39c38/1?cbl=18750</ref><ref>'''Acute, subacute and long-term subjective effects of psilocybin in healthy humans: a pooled analysis of experimental studies'''. Studerus E, Kometer M, Hasler F, Vollenweider FX.  J Psychopharmacol. 2011 Nov;25(11):1434-52. doi: 10.1177/0269881110382466. Epub 2010 Sep 20. PMID: 20855349. Accessed on 12 December 2022 via: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20855349/</ref><ref>'''Connectedness to Nature and to Humanity: their association and personality correlates'''. Front. Psychol., 21 July 2015. Sec. Personality and Social Psychology. Kibeom Lee, Michael C. Ashton, Julie Choi and Kayla Zachariassen. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01003. Accessed on 3rd October 2022 via https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01003/full</ref><ref>'''Increased nature relatedness and decreased authoritarian political views after psilocybin for treatment-resistant depression'''. Journal of Psychopharmacology. Taylor Lyons, Robin L Carhart-Harris. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881117748902. Accessed on 3rd October 2022 via https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0269881117748902</ref><ref>'''Psychedelics, Personality and Political Perspectives'''. Matthew M Nour 1, Lisa Evans 2, Robin L Carhart-Harris DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2017.1312643. 2017 Jul-Aug;49(3):182-191. doi: 10.1080/02791072.2017.1312643. Epub 2017 Apr 26. Accessed on 3rd October 2022 via https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28443703/</ref><ref name=":1">'''''Manifesting Minds: A Review of Psychedelics in Science, Medicine, Sex, and Spirituality'''''. Doblin, Rick; Brad Burge (2014)  North Atlantic Books. <nowiki>ISBN 1583947272</nowiki>.</ref><ref name=":2">'''Lifetime experience with (classic) psychedelics predicts pro-environmental behavior through an increase in nature relatedness'''. Matthias Forstmann and Christina Sagioglou Journal of Psychopharmacology 2017.  DOI: 10.1177/0269881117714049. Accessed on 30th September 2022 via: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28631526/</ref><ref name=":3">'''From Egoism to Ecoism: Psychedelics Increase Nature Relatedness in a State-Mediated and Context-Dependent Manner'''. Hannes Kettner, Sam Gandy, Eline C. H. M. Haijen and Robin L. Carhart-Harris Centre for Psychedelic Research, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. Published: December 2019 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16245147. Accessed on 30th September 2022 via: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31888300/
 </ref>.
@@ Line 88: / Line 89: @@
 == Mechanism of Action ==
 [[File:Psychedelic Biochemistry.png|thumb|'''Figure 4'''. The neurochemical activity of various psychedelics.]]
-Psychedelics induce [[Neuroplasticity|neuroplastic]], [[Pivotal mental state|pivotal mental states]]. It is thought psychedelics mediate this effect by altering the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)<ref>'''Psychedelics and Neuroplasticity: A Systematic Review Unraveling the Biological Underpinnings of Psychedelics''' Cato M. H. de Vos, Natasha L. Mason and Kim P. C. Kuypers* Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands Front. Psychiatry, 10 September 2021 </ref> receptor TrkB<ref>'''Psychedelics promote plasticity by directly binding to BDNF receptor TrkB'''. Rafael Moliner, Mykhailo Girych. Published: 05 June 2023 in Nature Neuroscience. Accessed on 8 Jun 2023 via: <nowiki>https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-023-01316-5</nowiki></ref>.
+Psychedelics induce [[Neuroplasticity|neuroplastic]], [[Pivotal mental state|pivotal mental states]]. It is thought psychedelics mediate this effect by activating 5HT2A and tyrosine kinase receptors causing the release of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF)<ref>'''Psychedelics and Neuroplasticity: A Systematic Review Unraveling the Biological Underpinnings of Psychedelics''' Cato M. H. de Vos, Natasha L. Mason and Kim P. C. Kuypers* Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands Front. Psychiatry, 10 September 2021 </ref> receptor TrkB<ref>'''Psychedelics promote plasticity by directly binding to BDNF receptor TrkB'''. Rafael Moliner, Mykhailo Girych. Published: 05 June 2023 in Nature Neuroscience. Accessed on 8 Jun 2023 via: <nowiki>https://www.nature.com/articles/s41593-023-01316-5</nowiki></ref>.
 == Psychedelic Comparison ==
@@ Line 116: / Line 117: @@
 |
 |[[DMT]] (inhaled)
-|5-10 mg
+|10-20 mg
 |20-30 mg
 |100 mg
@@ Line 124: / Line 125: @@
 |-
 |
-|[[Psilocybin|Psilocin]]
+|[[Psilocybin]]
 |5-10 mg
-|35 mg
+|20mg
 |150 mg
 |0.5 hours
@@ Line 155: / Line 156: @@
 |[[MDMA]]
 |45-75mg
-|75-125mg, 50% dose two hours later.
+|75-125mg, 50% dose 150 mins later.
 |
 |20-30 min
@@ Line 202: / Line 203: @@
 There are a category of patients that have specific conditions or are taking specific medicines that should be [[Psychedelic Therapy Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria|excluded from psychedelic therapy]]. In general these patients have the following characteristics:
-* People taking '''olanzapine''' (an atypical antipsychotic) as there is some evidence to suggest it can [[Trip Terminator|''terminate'' a trip]]<ref>'''Olanzapine as the ideal “trip terminator”?''' Giuseppe Valeriani, Ornella Corazza, Francesco Saverio Bersani. First published: 28 July 2015 <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.2431</nowiki>. Accessed via: <nowiki>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hup.2431</nowiki></ref>;
+* People taking '''quetiapine, risperidone, and olanzapine''' (an atypical antipsychotics) as there is some evidence to suggest it can [[Trip Terminator|''terminate'' a trip]]<ref>'''Olanzapine as the ideal “trip terminator”?''' Giuseppe Valeriani, Ornella Corazza, Francesco Saverio Bersani. First published: 28 July 2015 <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.2431</nowiki>. Accessed via: <nowiki>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hup.2431</nowiki></ref>;
+* People taking 5HT2AR high affinity antidepressants such as '''amitriptyline''', '''mirtazapine''', and '''trazodone'''.<ref>'''The fabric of meaning and subjective effects in LSD-induced states depend on serotonin 2A receptor activation.''' K.H. Preller, M. Herdener, T. Pokorny, A. Planzer, R. Kraehenmann, P. Stämpfli, ''et al.'' https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096098221631510X</ref>
 * Presence of high degrees of '''[[Psychedelic Anxiety Syndrome|Psychedelic Anxiety Syndrome;]]'''
 * Presence or history of '''psychosis''';
@@ Line 215: / Line 217: @@
 == Adverse effects ==
-Like all medicines, without proper guidance, adverse effects can occur, many of which can be reduced by utilising proper [[Psychedelic Therapy Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria|inclusion and exclusion criteria]]. As shown in '''Figure 3''', relative to other popular medicines psychedelics cause much less harm. However, there have been some [[Adverse Psychedelic Effects|adverse psychedelic effects]] which have been linked to the intensity and duration of the experience<ref>'''Extended difficulties following the use of psychedelic drugs''': A mixed methods study Evans, J., Queen Mary University. Accessed on 31 July 2023 via: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4505228</ref>.
+Like all medicines, without proper guidance, adverse effects can occur, many of which can be reduced by utilising proper [[Psychedelic Therapy Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria|inclusion and exclusion criteria]]. As shown in '''Figure 3''', relative to other popular medicines psychedelics cause much less harm. However, there have been some [[Adverse Psychedelic Effects|adverse psychedelic effects]] which have been linked to the intensity and duration of the experience<ref>'''Extended difficulties following the use of psychedelic drugs''': A mixed methods study Evans, J., Queen Mary University. Accessed on 31 July 2023 via: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4505228</ref>. Scientific data suggests that there are two key factors in ensuring a good psychedelic trip include:
+. Being psychologically “well” in the days prior to the experience.
+. Being ready to surrender oneself to the experience.
 ==== Microdosing ====

Psychedelics (view source)

Revision as of 00:05, 11 February 2025

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