Depression: Difference between revisions

'''Depression is a form of mental illness which is characterised by a [[Negativity Bias|negativity bias]] resulting in depressed mood,  loss of interest in activities, or cognitive impairment'''<ref>'''The association between overweight/obesity and poor cognitive function is mediated by inflammation in patients with major depressive disorder.''' Xiaofeng Lan, Chengyu Wang, Weicheng Li, Ziyuan Chao, Guohui Lao, Kai Wu, Guixiang Li, Yuping Ning, Yanling Zhou, Journal of Affective Disorders, Volume 313, 2022, Pages 118-125,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.06.073.</ref>. The causative factor(s) of the disease may be external via the environment (exogenous) or internal via a [[Neurochemistry|neurochemical]] imbalance (endogenous) (see '''Figure 1''').

Diagnosis of depression was traditionally performed by a psychiatrist, however, due to an undue amount of human error<ref>'''Rates of Detection of Mood and Anxiety Disorders in Primary Care''': A Descriptive, Cross-Sectional Study Monica Vermani, PsyD, Madalyn Marcus, MA. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2011; 13(2): PCC.10m01013. doi: 10.4088/PCC.10m01013. Accessed on 30th November 2022 via https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3184591/</ref><ref>'''Analysis of Misdiagnosis of Bipolar Disorder in An Outpatient Setting'''. Shen H, Zhang L, Xu C, Zhu J, Chen M, Fang Y. Shanghai Arch Psychiatry. 2018 Apr 25;30(2):93-101. doi: 10.11919/j.issn.1002-0829.217080. PMID: 29736129; PMCID: PMC5936046. Accessed on 30 November 2022 via: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5936046/</ref><ref>'''Beyond Misdiagnosis, Misunderstanding and Mistrust: Relevance of the Historical Perspective in the Medical and Mental Health Treatment of People of Color'''. Derek H. Suite, MD, MS; Robert La Bril, MDiv; Annelle Primm, MD, MPH; and Phyllis Harrison-Ross, MD. Accessed on 30 November 2022 via https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2574307/pdf/jnma00207-0025.pdf</ref>in the modern day this has shifted to algorithmic psychometric tests. New developments in the field have shown the efficacy of using voice<ref>'''Detecting subtle signs of depression with automated speech analysis in a non-clinical sample.''' König, A., Tröger, J., Mallick, E. ''et al.''  ''BMC Psychiatry'' 22, 830 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-04475-0.</ref> and facial recognition<ref>'''Diagnosis of Depressive Disorder Model on Facial Expression Based on Fast R-CNN. Diagnostics''' (Basel). Lee YS, Park WH.  2022 Jan 27;12(2):317. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics12020317. PMID: 35204407; PMCID: PMC8871079.</ref> technology to further aid diagnosis.