War on Drugs: Difference between revisions

← Older edit

War on Drugs (view source)

Revision as of 22:51, 3 September 2023

70 bytes added , 22:51, 3 September 2023

m

no edit summary

WikiSysop

Bureaucrats, Interface administrators, Administrators

2,852

edits

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 [[File:War on drugs Psychedelics.jpg|alt=War on drugs Psychedelics|thumb|'''Figure 1'''. The global War on Drugs started in the US.]]
-'''Through the 1950s and 1960s, more than 1,000 research papers were written about LSD, psilocybin, and other [[Psychedelics|psychedelic]] drugs. Some 40,000 subjects were given these mind-expanding agents, and great progress was made in the understanding of how they might help people suffering from depression, alcoholism, and the psychospiritual distress'''. However, due to a series of unfortunate events psychedelics were mired in political agenda starting the War on Drugs. This witch hunt which persists even today, starting in the 70's this led to the US government outlawing the substances causing a domino effect globally, ultimately ending in the 1971 UN resolution criminalising them worldwide.
+'''Through the 1950s and 1960s, more than 1,000 research papers were written about [[LSD]], psilocybin, and other [[Psychedelics|psychedelic]] drugs. Some 40,000 people were given these mind-expanding agents, and great progress was made in the understanding of how they might help people suffering from depression, alcoholism, and the psychospiritual distress'''. However, due to a series of unfortunate events psychedelics were mired in taboo due to a political agenda ultimately starting the ''War on Drugs''.
-To understand this progression better, the table below charts out notable landmarks leading up to psychedelic criminalisation.
+This witch hunt, which persists even today, started on October 24, 1968 by the US government outlawing psychedelics. This caused a domino effect globally, leading to a 1971 UN resolution criminalising the medicines worldwide. To illustrate this timeline, the table below charts out notable landmarks leading up to worldwide psychedelic criminalisation.
 {| class="wikitable"
 ! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Year'''
 ! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Landmark'''
 ! colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''References'''
+|-
+|3000 ce
+|Es Càrritx cave in Spain contains hair samples with traces of the alkaloids atropine, scopolamine, and ephedrine. Followed by a [[Psychedelic History|history of psychedelic]] use.
+|E. Guerra-Doce, C. Rihuete-Herrada, R. Micó, R. Risch<ref>'''Direct evidence of the use of multiple drugs in Bronze Age Menorca (Western Mediterranean) from human hair analysis.''' E. Guerra-Doce, C. Rihuete-Herrada, R. Micó, R. Risch, V. Lull & H. M. Niemeyer Scientific Reports volume 13, Article number: 4782 (2023). Accessed on 9th May 2023 via: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-31064-2</ref>
 |-
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |1943
@@ Line 14: / Line 18: @@
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |1947
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Werner Stoll publishes first paper on psychological effects of LSD in humans
-| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Stoll, 1947<ref>Lysergsäure-diäthyl-amid, ein Phantastikum aus der Mutterkorngruppe. Stoll W (1947).  Schweiz Arch Neur 60: 1–2.</ref>
+| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Stoll, 1947<ref>'''Lysergsäure-diäthyl-amid, ein Phantastikum aus der Mutterkorngruppe.''' Stoll W (1947).  Schweiz Arch Neur 60: 1–2.</ref>
 |-
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |1950
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |First English language publication on LSD
-| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Busch and Johnson, 1950<ref>Busch AK, Johnson WC (1950). L.S.D. 25 as an aid in psychotherapy; preliminary report of a new drug. Dis Nerv Syst 11: 241–243. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]</ref>
+| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Busch and Johnson, 1950<ref>'''L.S.D. 25 as an aid in psychotherapy; preliminary report of a new drug.''' Dis Nerv Syst 11: 241–243. Busch AK, Johnson WC (1950). </ref>
 |-
-| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |c. 1953
+| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |1953
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |American College of Neuropsychopharmacology (ACNP) Founding president Joel Elkes [https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-440X(63)80082-6 publishes on LSD after openly self-experimenting with it]
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Bradley ''et al'', 1953<ref>Bradley PB, Elkes C, Elkes J (1953). On some effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (L.S.D. 25) in normal volunteers. J Physiol 121. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] [Ref list]</ref>; Roberts, 2008<ref>Roberts A (2008) Albion Dreaming: A Popular History of LSD in Britain. Marshall Cavendish: London.</ref>
@@ Line 29: / Line 33: @@
 |-
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |1956
-| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Term ‘psychedelic’ coined by Humphrey Osmond in communication with Aldous Huxley
+| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Term ‘[[Psychedelics|psychedelic]]’ coined by Humphrey Osmond in communication with Aldous Huxley
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Huxley, 1980<ref>Huxley A (1980) Moksha: Writings on Psychedelics and the Visionary Experience. Chatto and Windus: London. pp 1931–1963.</ref>
 |-
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |1957
-| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Term ‘magic mushrooms’ coined by LIFE magazine
+| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Term ‘''[[magic mushrooms]]''’ coined by LIFE magazine
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Wasson, 1957<ref>Wasson RG (1957). Seeking the magic mushroom. LIFE Magazine 49: 100–102.</ref>
 |-
@@ Line 73: / Line 77: @@
 |-
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |1967
-| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Timothy Leary declares ‘turn on, tune in and drop out’ at festival in Golden Gate Park
+| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Timothy Leary declares ‘''turn on, tune in and drop out''’ at a festival in Golden Gate Park
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Stevens, 1987<ref name=":1" />
 |-
@@ Line 80: / Line 84: @@
 | colspan="1" rowspan="1" |Stevens, 1987<ref name=":1" />; Lee and Shlain, 1992<ref>Lee MA, Shlain B (1992) Acid Dreams: The Complete Social History of LSD: The CIA, The Sixties, and Beyond. In: Rev. Evergreen (ed). Grove Weidenfeld: New York. </ref>
 |}
-Just before criminalisation psychedelic drugs, along with marijuana, were increasing linked in the public imagination with the 1960s counterculture, the antiwar movement, the crusade for sexual liberation, and the rising popularity of Eastern mysticism, yoga, and meditation. President Richard Nixon proclamation of Timothy Leary as “the most dangerous man in America.” led to the crackdown on psychoactive drugs becoming part of a broader political reaction against the liberation movements on the 1960s. Leary’s mantra of “turn on, tune in, drop out” was seen as a direct threat to the corporate establishment and the consumerist, materialist mindset.
-In addition, this moratorium was further hastened by tighter regulation of pharmaceutical research, the failure of controlled clinical trials to live up to the claims of psychedelic advocates, and the pharmaceutical industry's lack of interest in funding clinical trials.<ref>'''Why was early therapeutic research on psychedelic drugs abandoned?''' Wayne Hall. Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 October 2021. Accessed on 25 Sept 2022 via <nowiki>https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/psychological-medicine/article/abs/why-was-early-therapeutic-research-on-psychedelic-drugs-abandoned/59F93D11DE21F420465559BBEB99CC14</nowiki></ref>
+=== Criminalisation Rationale ===
+The period just before the criminalisation of psychedelics, at the peak of their use, was typified by the 1960s counterculture movement spreading ideas of antiwar, sexual liberation, environmentalism and women's rights. All of these new ideas were framed by the media as threatening traditional mainstream conservatism. This sentiment became most apparent when US President Richard Nixon proclaimed a thought leader of the counterculture movement, a Harvard psychiatrist Timothy Leary as “''the most dangerous man in America''”. Leary’s mantra of “''turn on, tune in, drop out''” was seen as a direct threat to the corporate establishment and the consumerist, materialist mindset and the state at large.
 '''References'''
 <references />

War on Drugs (view source)

Revision as of 22:51, 3 September 2023

Share your opinion