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'''Cognitive biases are systematic errors in thinking that occur in all people. They occur when we process information from the world around us leading to incorrect conclusions''' and are often caused by [[heuristics]]. When third parties with malicious intent manipulate cognitive biases, this practice is known as "[[Dark Patterns|''dark patterns'']]." | |||
==== Egoic Cognitive Biases | == The Objectivity Assumption == | ||
These are cognitive biases which are all based around maintaining the ego's inflated sense of self: | The best place to start to learn about biases is [[The Objectivity Assumption]] (see presentation above), which is the common held belief that one's self is absent of thought bias. Once understood, this opens room to learn about the various '''[[heuristics]], [[Thought Paradoxes|paradoxes]] or [[Logical fallacies|fallacies]]''' that make up the human mind and forge our perception. | ||
== Types of Cognitive Bias == | |||
There are a wide range of cognitive biases which can be classified by how they are driven, for instance egoic bias are caused by the strong pull of the [[ego]] not wanting to be proven wrong. Whereas social biases occur when the pull of the group influence how we think. | |||
=== Learning Cognitive Biases === | |||
* [[Authority Bias|'''Authority Bias''']] - the tendency to attribute greater accuracy to the opinion of an authority figure and be more influenced by that opinion. Social pressure can cause individuals to align their beliefs with those of an authority figure, even when those beliefs are incorrect. | |||
* [[Confirmation Bias|'''Confirmation bias''']] - refers to the tendency to search for, interpret, and remember information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses, while disregarding or downplaying information that contradicts those beliefs or hypotheses. It can lead people to form inaccurate judgments and gain confidence to make flawed decisions as they may only consider information that supports their existing views and ignore important evidence to the contrary. | |||
* '''[[Bandwagon Effect]]''' (aka ''Groupthink'' or ''conformity bias'') - occurs within a group of people, in which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome. | |||
=== Egoic Cognitive Biases === | |||
These are cognitive biases which are all based around maintaining the [[ego]]'s inflated sense of self: | |||
* '''[[Self-serving bias|Self-serving Bias]]''' - the tendency to attribute one's successes to internal factors while blaming external factors for one's failures. | * '''[[Self-serving bias|Self-serving Bias]]''' - the tendency to attribute one's successes to internal factors while blaming external factors for one's failures. | ||
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* [[Optimism bias|'''Optimism Bias''']] - the ego doesn't like to think it will fail, therefore you will feel less likely to experience a negative event relative to others. | * [[Optimism bias|'''Optimism Bias''']] - the ego doesn't like to think it will fail, therefore you will feel less likely to experience a negative event relative to others. | ||
* [[Negativity Bias|'''Negativity Bias''']] - opposite to the above, and one of the fundamental features of clinical [[depression]]. Negativity bias is the psychological phenomenon in which negative information or experiences have a stronger impact on our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors compared to positive ones. | * [[Negativity Bias|'''Negativity Bias''']] - opposite to the above, and one of the fundamental features of clinical [[depression]]. Negativity bias is the psychological phenomenon in which negative information or experiences have a stronger impact on our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors compared to positive ones. | ||
*'''[[Sunk Cost Fallacy]]''' - the ego does not like to be proven wrong in its past investments. This fallacy occurs when a person is reluctant to abandon a strategy or course of action because they have invested heavily in it, even when it is clear that abandonment would be more beneficial. | *'''[[Sunk Cost Fallacy]]''' - the ego does not like to be proven wrong in its past investments. This fallacy occurs when a person is reluctant to abandon a strategy or course of action because they have invested heavily in it, even when it is clear that abandonment would be more beneficial. | ||
*[[Loss Aversion Bias|'''Loss Aversion Bias''']] - the pain of losing is psychologically about twice as powerful as the pleasure of gaining. | |||
=== | === Temporal Cognitive Biases === | ||
The egoic mind is so strong it can rewrite past memories in favour of itself: | |||
* [[ | * [[Present Bias|'''Present Bias''']] - the inclination to choose a smaller immediate reward over a larger future reward when faced with a trade-off decision. | ||
* '''[[ | * '''[[Hindsight Bias]]''' - the tendency to think that an event was more obvious or predictable than it really was. | ||
* [[Rosy Retrospection Bias|'''Rosy Retrospection Bias''']] - where even when people have failed they overestimate the good aspects of the past. | |||
=== Energy Frugal Brain Biases === | |||
[[Energy frugal brain|The brain is the most energy hungry organ in our bodies]], so to save energy we have evolved shortcuts in our thinking to reduce cognitive load: | [[Energy frugal brain|The brain is the most energy hungry organ in our bodies]], so to save energy we have evolved shortcuts in our thinking to reduce cognitive load: | ||
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* '''[[Halo Effect]]''' - it takes a lot of mental energy to fully assess another person's capabilities so people instinctively look for clues which point them in the general direction. This leads people to assume a person or thing is good in every way because of one good characteristic. | * '''[[Halo Effect]]''' - it takes a lot of mental energy to fully assess another person's capabilities so people instinctively look for clues which point them in the general direction. This leads people to assume a person or thing is good in every way because of one good characteristic. | ||
* '''[[Status Quo Bias]]''' - it is difficult for us to change long held beliefs because of [[cognitive dissonance]]. | * '''[[Status Quo Bias]]''' - it is difficult for us to change long held beliefs because of [[cognitive dissonance]]. | ||
* '''Anchoring Effect''' - the common human tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information offered (the “anchor”) when making decisions. | * '''[[Anchoring Effect]]''' - the common human tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information offered (the “anchor”) when making decisions. | ||
===== Mathematic Cognitive Biases ===== | ===== Mathematic Cognitive Biases ===== | ||
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* [[Additive Bias|'''Additive Bias''']] - we may be biased toward adding more things—more resources, more rules, more habits and responsibilities—rather than the opposite. | * [[Additive Bias|'''Additive Bias''']] - we may be biased toward adding more things—more resources, more rules, more habits and responsibilities—rather than the opposite. | ||
* '''[[The singularity effect|The Singularity Effect]]''' - we care disproportionately about an individual as compared to a group. | * '''[[The singularity effect|The Singularity Effect]]''' - we care disproportionately about an individual as compared to a group. | ||
* ''' | * [[Number Association Bias|'''Number Association Bias''']] - numbers on objects or people can subconsciously dictate specific attributes. | ||
=== Other Cognitive Biases === | |||
*'''Scarcity Effect''' - makes people more likely to buy something when they think it’s about to run out or be taken away from them. | *'''Scarcity Effect''' - makes people more likely to buy something when they think it’s about to run out or be taken away from them. | ||
*'''Appeal to Pity''' - someone accused of a crime using a cane or walker to appear more feeble in front of a jury is one example of appeal to pity. | *'''Appeal to Pity''' - someone accused of a crime using a cane or walker to appear more feeble in front of a jury is one example of appeal to pity. |